Business environment of indian entertainment industry

Business environment of indian entertainment industry The liberalization efforts by the Indian government have resulted in the emergence of numerous sectors, which offer great possibilities for Indias development. One such recent sector was interactive media and entertainment, along with information and communication technologies (ICTs). The entertainment and interactive media industry in India has been making headlines of late, not so much for its impact on the domestic market, but as a premier outsourcing destination for western entertainment companies. This was paper examines the growth and development of the interactive media and entertainment industry in India. It discusses Indias position and Indias advantages in the global entertainment industry, the challenges that India faces in this was industry, the path ahead, and opportunities for international collaboration in this was sector. The global film and entertainment industry was expanding fast. The Entertainment Council of Philippines estimates that the revenues from entertainment industry worldwide have been growing annually at 20% to 30% over the past few years. According to Indias National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCM), revenues from the global entertainment industry will amount to US$50-US$70 billion by end-2005. Today, entertainment products are increasingly used in films, TV programmes, commercials, games and online education. Following Walt DISNEY 1988 production Who Framed Roger Rabbit, worldwide interest in entertainment feature films has been raising. Four major entertainment movies released in 2004 collected record revenues. Childrens channels across the world have seen their numbers rising ever so rapidly in the last few years. Entertainment products also have applications in the medical, architecture, and legal fields.1 the global non-entertainment entertainment industry, i ncluding work in scientific and medical entertainment, now accounts for revenues worth $15 billion. ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY The Entertainment Industry in India though a late starter, was considered as one of the fastest growing segments of the entertainment and media industry. The Entertainment Industry in India gained significance as an outsourced destination for entertainment work due to low cost, skilled labour as its many advantages. In the recent past Indian entertainment companies and entertainment studios have been moving up the value chain to create their own intellectual property rights with Hanuman, Roadside Romeo, etc. and partnering with international studios to produce animated properties for the global audience. Though a majority of the work done by the entertainment industry in India was outsourced work, this was was expected to change in the future with increased demand from the domestic entertainment industry. This was industry can be categorized into four different components: Entertainment, education, content development and multimedia/web design. The entertainment market in India was r elatively new compared to some other Asian countries. But it was among the fastest-growing in the Indian entertainment sector. With approximately 200 entertainment studios, India has emerged as a global outsourcing hub for entertainment technology services. The key drivers for the entertainment industry are the increasing domestic demand for entertainment movies and the increase in entertainment studios and training centers across the country. MEANING OF PESTLE ANALYSIS P-Political E-Economical S-Social T-Technological L-Legal E-Environmental Political factors are how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Economical factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, an ageing population may imply a smaller and less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labour). Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Consumer protection laws are designed to ensure fair competition and the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Environmental factors include weather, climate, and climate change, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance. Furthermore, growing awareness to climate change was affecting how companies operate and the products they offerit was both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY Government Support Mr. Kapil Sibal, Minister of State for Science and Technology, identified entertainment industry as one of the important sector for Indias export oriented growth.10 However, compared to governments in other countries; efforts by the Indian government to encourage the sector have been very minimal. The government of South Korea funds entertainment ventures on a partnership baswas.11 Bangladesh has a World Bank-funded support programme for the entertainment industry. In contrast, there have not been many initiatives from the Indian government to promote the entertainment industry, at least till the past one year. The Indian government signed co-production treaty with France about 20 years ago and efforts are on to reactivate it. A treaty was signed with the Italian government, which in turn sent a delegation to Goa. Efforts are also on to sign similar agreements with Britain, Japan, Brazil, Canada, Netherlands and China. These treaties will lead to sharing of costs by partner nations and also the dispersion of technical know-how amongst the partner nations. New Government Initiatives A 25-acre Special Export Zone (SEZ) was going to be constructed in the outskirts of Thiruvananthapuram exclusively for the entertainment industry. The commerce ministry was said to have approved the creation of the SEZ within the Film and Video Park (FV Park) set up by the Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation near Thiruvananthapuram. The state government was said to have created a 15,000 sq meters entertainment facility to welcome entertainment houses to create their bases. The FV Park made a good start when the Chennai-based Prasad Labs has made it its base to process all Malayalam films for the next two years. Kerala has been making efforts at convergence in the areas of information technology and cinema. The Entertainment Production Association of India recently suggested to the Information and Broadcasting Ministry of India that all TV channels must ensure 10% reservation for local animated content. The government can further encourage investments and particip ation in this sector by providing tax benefits. It can provide grants to Indian animators for participation in international conference and for taking up training programs abroad 2. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY Indias attractiveness as an entertainment hub lies in the presence of an English-speaking workforce, high-quality software engineers, a large pool of creative talent, good studios and low costs. The cost of producing a 30-minute 3D entertainment programme in India was US$60,000 compared to US$250,000-400,000 in the United States and Canada. India has a cost advantage compared to the Philippines, which was another low cost producer of entertainments. The average monthly salary of an entertainment professional in India was US$600 compared to US$1,000-US$1,200 in the Philippines. The cost of outsourcing one hour of entertainment work to India was estimated to be 30% to 40% of the corresponding costs in leading entertainment centres in Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines. Indias advantages in low costs have been exploited by many multinational firms and production studios. The advent of digital entertainment coincided with the liberalization of the Indian economy and India offered the benefits of lower production costs, strong creative and technical skills and a large English speaking population. This has led to the development of state of the art entertainment studios in several Indian cities, and these studios are collaborating with global entertainment companies. FACTOR THAT AFFECTING THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY Lack of Finance Indian entertainment firms cannot match their western counterparts in financial strength. It was pointed out that state support in the form of tax holidays was crucial for success in the entertainment business. Canada, for example, offers major incentives to its studios for developing entertainment products. However, financial institutions in India have not been much forthcoming in funding projects in entertainment and interactive media. The long gestation period before fruition of projects discourages potential investors. This can be a major hurdle, and it has, in fact, led to the stoppage of a few production ventures. For example, Jadooworks had to stop production of animated epic of Krishna due to technical problems and lack of funding. The firm was supposedly on the verge of bankruptcy and this has led to the retrenchment of about 250 workers.7 Interestingly, Jadooworks was the same firm which drew appreciation from Thomas Friedman in an article in February 2004 for employing tra ditional artistes and transforming their skills to computerised digital painting he was arguing that globalisation can have beneficial impact on traditional artwasts.8 The experience of Jadoo works underlines the fact that it was still too ambitious for Indian companies to single-handedly enter into entertainment projects. Even a small project in the entertainment industry entails a budget of US$30 million, which was not affordable for Indian firms. 3. SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY Entertainment Products for Illiterates The interactive media and entertainment industry in India has a large domestic market too to tap on. A field-study based research conducted by one of the authors in July-August 2004 on the diffusion of ICTs in Indias rural areas offers some interesting results in this regard.6 The study showed that televsion was a highly popular medium as a source of information in the Indian countryside, as it combines visual and audio effects and was less demanding of the cognitive skills of the user. Almost 35 per cent of Indias over 1 billion population was illiterate. There was great demand from this segment of Indian population for an innovative medium that facilitate communication and information sharing, while at the same time, being easily accessible to the masses via the television. Products of interactive media and entertainment can fill this demand gap to a large extent; they can be great tools for education, entertainment and awareness among illiterates in Indias rural and urban areas. SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING FILM AND ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY The Indian Entertainment industry: Facing the manpower challenge Despite the impressive growth forecasts, the Indian Entertainment and Gaming industry will account for less than two percent of the worldwide market in 2010. Obviously a much larger opportunity exists beyond what was currently being envisaged and the potential remains high. India can participate in a more significant way in the global Entertainment market, provided the country has built up requisite manpower, with the relevant expertise, to fuel its growth. According to analysts, India has the potential to grow its Entertainment industry to around US$ 1 billion by 2010, but will remain restricted to US$ 869 million on account of a looming demand-supply gap in the area of employable human resources.   A similar situation exists in the gaming segment as well, which has the potential to achieve revenues of US$ 732 million by 2010, but was expected to touch only around US$ 424 million by that period, owing to the paucity of skilled manpower.   The employment statistics for the Indian  entertainment  and gaming industry during 2006 were as follows: Around 16,500 professionals were employed by the Indian Entertainment industry during 2006. This figure was forecast to increase at a CAGR of 14-15 percent and exceed 26,000 by 2010. There were nearly 150 gaming companies in India, employing about 2,500 people. This number was forecast to increase at a CAGR of over 50 percent to exceed 13,000 by 2010, with the industry revenue forecast to grow nearly ten-fold and reach US$ 424 million. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY While it was true that Indias entertainment industry was growing at a remarkable pace, the fact remains that this growth was largely a result of the mushrooming of studios-for-hire. In entertainment feature films, for example, while Indian companies carry out the technological entertainment work, character design, and storyboarding are done abroad. India was yet to become a successful player in concept creation, the high value-adding segment of the industry which remains a preserve of western firms. Indias advantages of low costs in this industry will be too short-lived, and sooner rather than later, the country will have to start developing new technologies. Skills The entertainment industry was still young. Indian cinema was yet to make its mark on the global stage. The booming entertainment outsourcing industry was constantly demanding new skills and fresh infusion of new talent into the industry. As such, it was imperative that we have a healthy pipeline to supply talent to the industry. Skills required in the entertainment field can be clubbed under two broad categories, mainly technical skills and soft skills. Programming expertise, analytical ability, and proficiency on the software are basic requirements for technical skills. The number of professionals joining the entertainment industry has been growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.2 percent and was expected to grow at the same rate. Though India possesses the manpower with the requisite skill set, what remains an area of concern was the education imparted to this manpower from the quality perspective. This has resulted in mushrooming of multimedia institutes. What was interesting was that quite a few reputed organizations have come forward and started a chain of multimedia institutions for two reasons. One, they can use the trained professionals for in-house entertainment development and secondly, use this education channel for market diversification and penetration. However, companies need to invest considerable time and money in bringing these students up to the levels where they start earning revenue for the organization. Need For technological training to employees There are no academic institutes like Indian Institutes of Technology, Regional Engineering Colleges, Polytechnics, etc., churning out animators by the thousands. What we have are only fine arts schools which teach the fundamentals but not the technical skills required for production, points out K. Chandrasekhar, General Manager, Media Works, and Tata Elxsi. According to him, this was a major drawback for the industry in India. Education in new media has to be embedded into the mainstream curriculum. Students have to realize that they can have a lucrative career as animators, and the governments as well as educational institutions have to start programmes for their career development. The entertainment sector will benefit greatly by giving encouragement to the community of traditional artists as much as to technically trained professionals. In other words, integration of the rural and urban talent will prove highly beneficial. Also, NASSCOMs President Kiran Karnik believes that there was a need for an entertainment academy to build a steady inflow of entertainment professionals in the industry. NASSCOM extended its help to the government for framing the curriculum and also work with the industry players to enhance the academic-industry interface. 5. LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY Intellectual property Outsourcers have always been concerned with the protection of their intellectual property in India. India was one of the few countries which have failed to take stern action against its infringement. India needs to strengthen its IP policy and ensure that companies operating in the outsourcing sphere take stringent steps to take care of clients IP rights. International Cooperation in the Entertainment industry The Indian government was signing co-production treaties with other countries. Professional organisations too are trying to promote the Indian entertainment sector abroad. ASIFA, India, organises film festivals, conducts workshops and entertainment film competitions at the international level. Kahani and Entertainment Bridge have showcased their entertainment shows at Cannes Mipcom (a summit where mobile, broadband and interactive professionals from 95 countries interact with broadcasters, producers and distributors) in October 2005. X-media Lab has been floated to help local, independent digital media producers reach their ideas successfully to the market with assistance from outstanding international new media professionals, who act as mentors to the companies and project teams. The second lab held in Singapore from 17 19 November 2005, Creating Successful Computer Games, attracted worldwide response. Indian developers have also been invited to interact with eight of the best games people in the world. There was also a plan to do a lab in India next year.14 According to Mohit Anand, Country Manager, Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division, Microsoft India, Gaming in the last 7-8 years has really come a long way but it still has a long way to go. Critical factors like PC penetration, organised retail, broadband, and gaming hardware need to be addressed to help the industry. Those factors are gradually changing and the future definitely looks bright. India was the youngest country in the world, and the new generation was completely tech savvy. We believe that gaming was definitely here to stay and evolve.15 What are the opportunities for engagement between India, Singapore and other Southeast Asian countries in the field of interactive media and entertainment industry? To begin with, Singapore and Southeast Asia will be an important market for products from Indias entertainment industry. Singapore has significant expertise in telecommunication and media industry. Harnessing the favourable trade and investment climate offered by the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement between the two countries, firms in Singapore should consider investing in Indias entertainment and media business. Maya Academy of Advanced Cinematic, a leading player in the Indian entertainment industry, was planning to extend its operations to Singapore. It was currently working on a project for BBC and has also been involved in the video games division. Entertainment was one of the fastest growing sectors in India-ASEAN relations. The entertainment industry was expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 20 percent from 2002 to 2007. The entertainment industry, with total revenues of US$3.6 billion in 2002, was projected to grow up to US$8.7 billion by 2007. ASEAN was a big market for Indian films. There are tremendous collaboration opportunities between India and ASEAN in the area of 3D entertainment, graphics, etc. The Philippines was, until recently, a fast growing entertainment industry, rich in creative talent, and it was a major destination for outsourcing by entertainment firms in the United States. However, with rise in costs, the entertainment industry in the Philippines has begun to decline, and Filipino workers in the industry have been migrating to India and Singapore in search of jobs. India, the Philippines, Singapore and even China must realize that there was little to be gained in the entertainment industry in the long run by competing with each other on costs. Rather, they should seek avenues for cooperation, and direct their efforts at acquiring intellectual property rights in this creative industry. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY Ability to scale operations. Indian firms are facing a talent shortage which affects their ability to scale up their operations based on client demands. This also affects the clients confidence in off shoring large chunks of work. Though Indian companies have put in place huge expansion plans, these are often marred by various reasons. Tie-ups with educational institutes are helping overcome thwas difficulty. Opportunities in Collaborations Indian companies are trying to improve quality and making attempts to compete globally with the market leaders in the industry. It was said that the year 2004 was a watershed for the Indian entertainment and gaming industry (according to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry [FICCI] report on the Entertainment Industry). The year was marked by increased use of entertainment in the Bollywood segment. According to the FICCI report, the increasing demand for downloads of games on mobile phones will enhance the opportunities for gaming companies and bring in new entrants. Several Indian companies are entering into collaborations with foreign new media companies, which outsource their work to the Indian companies. Recently, Toonz Entertainment floated a joint venture with First Serve International LLC, a global media company which aims to produce and distribute top-notch entertainment programming for the world market. The new venture will be headed by former Walt Disney executive Ed Bordering. In 2004, a Chinese company also invested in India Games Ltd. Toronto-based entertainment Products Company Kahani was collaborating with Mumbai based Entertainment Bridge. In this venture, Kahani was expected to invest US$30-US$40 million over the next three years to engage in film production. The storylines and scripts will be completed in Canada whilst product development and promotion are expected to be done in India. The company was also planning to tie up with Bangalore and Hyderabad-based studios. Zees entertainment arm, Padmalaya Telefilms, has signed a US$14 million contract with Italian producer-distributor, Mondo TV, to co-produce four new animated series. Padmalaya also has collaborations with British entertainment companies Mallard Media and Ealing Entertainment. CONCLUSION The Indian interactive media and entertainment industry has seen tremendous growth in the last year or so. It was fast emerging from being an outsourcing destination for western entertainment companies to develop and showcase its own capabilities and potentials. The emergence of various industry-related organizations and companies, and the availability of affordable and talented expertise, point to tremendous potential this sector has to offer. Whilst there are internal challenges to the Indian interactive media and entertainment industry, given the efforts being undertaken by the government and like-minded organizations, it will be sooner rather than later, that India lays a strong claim as a major international player in this industry. It was thus opportune for Singapore and countries in the region to identify potential opportunities for collaboration so that we are able to ride on the waves of the Indian interactive media and entertainment industry.

Campus Recreation Facilities And Programming Education Essay

The intent of this survey was to analyze freshman pupil perceptual experiences related to Campus Recreation ( CR ) engagement and develop linkages between entree, satisfaction and academic continuity. This chapter reviews the literature sing collegial pupil continuity and diversion. The subjects include campus diversion entree, accomplishing pupil satisfaction and keeping. Student Access to Campus Recreation Facilities & A ; Programing It is no secret that active engagement in athleticss and fittingness is of critical importance to anyone seeking long permanent wellness and length of service. Prevalence of fleshiness in the United States during 2007-2008 was 32 % among big work forces and 36 % among big adult females ( Flegal, Carroll, A Ogden, & A ; Curtin, 2010 ) . Therefore it is imperative that American university pupils have entree to healthy lifestyle chances while go toing college. Reed ( 2007 ) ; Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) argue that college pupils are at hazard for a assortment of negative wellness behaviours and are in a place to get down to larn how to command their life style, but unluckily most are inactive and have non learned to develop healthy behaviours. Research workers agree that about half of all university pupils demonstrate unequal physical activity degrees ( Sabourin and Irwin, 2008 ) . Sabourin and Irwin ( 2008 ) ; Andrijasevi, Pausi, Bavcevi, Ciliga, A and Pausi ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that physical activity has a positive consequence on one ‘s well-being. Nguyen-Michel, Unger, Hamilton, and Spruijt-Metz ( 2005 ) attest that physical activity helps protect mental wellness by cut downing emphasis degrees. The writers point to a dramatic addition in both anxiousness and depression amongst college pupils during the past few decennaries. At the same clip research indicates that that colleges and universities are sing reduced registrations in basic physical activity instructional plans ( Crawford, Greenwell, and Andrew, 2007 ) . This phenomenon is likely due to the fact that physical instruction is no longer required at many universities throughout America ( Crawford, et al. , 2007 ) . Less demand for physical instruction coursework finally leads to cut down substructure investing and installation entree for pupils seeking physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Failure to supply modern, accessible installations to advance physical activity can negatively impact a university ‘s ability to pull prospective pupils and retain them ( Reisburg, 2001 ) . As a consequence, this research worker holds the belief that universities must increase handiness for pupils seeking chances to prosecute in activities which promote healthy life styles and physical activity. At many universities CR is compelled to make full the handiness nothingness created by the decreased physical instruction direction ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Kennedy ( 2007 ) notes altering pupil outlooks and competition from other educational establishments to b oot force universities to build new accessible diversion centres. Surveies of pupil populations at major universities throughout the United States show campuses which lack modern, accessible diversion comfortss have a much more hard clip both recruiting and retaining pupils ( Kennedy, 2007 ) . As a consequence colleges and universities in the United States have spent a sum of $ 7.12 billion for new building and redevelopment of recreational installations since the twelvemonth 2000 ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . It is the sentiment of this research worker that universities which seek to bolster pupil enlisting, satisfaction and academic continuity must take handiness into consideration when raising a diversion centre. Tinto ( 2000 ) ; Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) argue that campus construction and design symbolize values of the establishment. Bonfiglio ( 2004 ) contends that establishments without modern, accessible diversion and fittingness installations are much more likely to hold an unhealthy, less physically active pupil population. Additionally, diversion installations must be centrally accessible located to advance use ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Facilities built on campus fringes or those constructed at significant distance from abode halls and other communal countries fail to advance handiness ( Tinto, 2000 ) . Institutions which fail to supply equal, accessible installations which support healthy life style picks run a hazard of developing unhealthy and unsated pupil populations which fail to prevail ( Bonfiglio, 2004 ; NIRSA, 2004 ; Tinto, 2000 ) . Research workers agree that CR Administrators must besides increase pupil entree to installations by supplying diverse installation design facets and plan offerings in order to run into distinguishable pupil demands and involvements. Proper designation and design of installations and scheduling is indispensable to maximise engagement amongst all pupil groups on campus. Li, Absher, Graefe, and Hsu ( 2008 ) contend that cultural and national subgroups should be recognized when trying to make clients within diversion. Cohen, Sehgal, Williamson, Marsh, Golinelli and McKenzie ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on recreational installation enlargement and redevelopment. They examined policy and programming deductions associated with the betterments. The writers concluded that bettering recreational installations can positively better frequenter use rates, but attest that betterments do non ever increase use. Factors unassociated with physical betterments such as scheduling, staffing, fees, hours, selling, outreach, and other human factors have a dramatic consequence on client use ( Cohen, et Al, 2009 ) . In order to understand pupil needs this research worker holds the belief that CR staff and decision makers must stand for the diverseness of the university. Hale and Betances ( 2004 ) contend that the growing rate of pupils of colour is the primary ground why racial diverseness must be efficaciously implemented in higher instruction. Roberts, Outley, and Estes ( 2002 ) argue that there is a deficiency of diverseness nowadays in most diversion sections throughout the state. Roberts, et al. , ( 2002 ) contend that failure to enroll diverse staff finally strips organisational invention, competitory advantage and the ability to fulfill client demands. Enhanced enlisting, keeping and answerability criterions must be implemented within the diversion field to make staff more representative ethnically and culturally diverse pupil populations ( Roberts, et al. , 2002 ) . Surveies of organisational diverseness have demonstrated that exposure to diverse co-workers helps directors make better determinations and cultivate fresh thoughts by pulling upon larger pools of information ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) ; Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) contend that major organisational alterations must take topographic point in order to maximise diversion programming entree. Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) explain that organisational diverseness development can non arise without â€Å" unfreezing † within the organisation. Unfreezing is deemed to get down one time managerial committedness, allocation of equal resources, and or a major happening asking alteration occurs. The 2nd phase which Allen and Montgomery ( 2001 ) prescribe is â€Å" traveling † . Moving is accomplished by execution of patterns such as recruiting, outreach plans, cooperative and internships, mentoring, calling development enterprises, preparation and educational plans. Refreezing is the concluding procedure which begins by reexamining bing policies and processs to guarantee they support instead than struggle with the new civilization of diverseness ( Allen & A ; Montgomery, 2001 ) . This research worker trusts that one time organisational and staff diverseness exists, rich treatment and execution of wide plan offerings can be delivered to maximise pupil entree and engagement. Last, CR decision makers must make out to pull diverse pupil groups to advance entree and consciousness about CR plan offerings. Li, et al. , ( 2008 ) assert that diverse values determine societal behaviour, and that cultural values play a major function in acknowledging alternate positions of service quality within societal groups. Hale and Kivel ( 2004 ) argue that higher instruction decision makers need to contend for equal chance, full entree, and inclusion for all pupil groups. They contend that duty requires listening to pupil groups on the borders, while admiting bulk privilege, resources, and entree. Merely so can decision makers do critical alterations which promote entree to at hazard pupil groups on the fringe ( Hale and Kivel, 2004 ) . Modern pupil populations want entree to diverse recreational scheduling chances outside the traditional sphere of competitory athleticss such as intramural flag football, hoops and playground ball ( Tsai, 2005 ) . Walker, Jackson, and Deng ( 2008 ) confirm that diversion and leisure restraints vary dramatically between diverse cultural and cultural groups. To efficaciously pull and actuate the full university population to take part, CR must understand the cultural and cultural restraints which prevent dissimilar populations from plan engagement. Walker, et al. , ( 2008 ) argue that cultural and cultural leisure restraints can be overcome if decision makers make pupil engagement a precedence by offering diverse scheduling options. Research workers agree that CR selling is another valuable tool to assist ease diverse pupil group engagement ( Crompton, 2008 ; Reed, 2007 ; Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Robinson and Gladden ( 2003 ) contend that CR trade name equity must be developed to maximise student engagement. CR sections which have built successful trade name equity have pupils which are cognizant of all plan offerings and take part with greater frequence ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . The writers conclude that trade name equity ensures maximal both plan use and grosss if fees are charged. Establishing CR trade name equity has a peculiarly positive consequence on engagement amongst freshman pupil populations ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Students which are new to college or those yet to set up peer-to-peer societal support webs can be influenced to take part in CR scheduling if the section utilizes effectual selling and has set up trade name equity ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Reed ( 2007 ) asserts that CR selling is a basically of import to guarantee freshman pupil engagement. Freshman pupils are less cognizant of recreational scheduling and installations available on campus than upperclassmen ( Reed, 2007 ) . Research workers agree that most recreational bureaus demonstrate unequal and unsuccessful selling tactics. Crompton ( 2008 ) established a Benefits Evolution Pyramid which traces the development of diversion and leisure services selling in the United States. Harmonizing to Crompton ( 2008 ) , most diversion bureaus and professionals are runing at the two lowest degrees of the pyramid which include the base or Activity / Custodial Focus and the 2nd phase of Promotion / Selling Focus. He maintains that a limited figure of bureaus have evolved to encompass User and Community Benefits Focus and really few have adopted the concluding phase of Shifting Focus. Crompton ( 2008 ) defines Shifting as a procedure of placing paramount community concerns and reacting with execution of diversion services which address the issues. He contends that positive stakeholder perceptual experience alterations typically merely occur in the highest two grades of the Benefits Evolution Pyramid. Once recreati onal services are perceived to keep social virtue, community consciousness takes topographic point and extra support leads to fulfill community members and programming length of service ( Robinson & A ; Gladden, 2003 ) . Student Satisfaction and Campus Recreation Participation Associating freshman pupil satisfaction with Campus Recreation engagement is cardinal for continued departmental support. Schuh and Upcraft ( 2001 ) point to the demand for appraisal within campus recreational plans due to high degrees of examination directed toward their wide plans, big budgets, and investing costs. Hall ( 2005 ) contends that campus diversion plans are likely to be one of the most expensive pupil support plans. Unfortunately there has been a deficiency of committedness from CRA to look into pupil perceptual experiences and construct cardinal linkages between engagement and satisfaction ( Wever, 2003 ) . CRA failure to execute this critical research may ensue in lessened departmental resources, reduced plan offerings, less substructure investing, and finally unsated pupils at hazard of going from the university. The National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association ( NIRSA ) survey on the impact of pupil engagement in CR plans and discovered cardinal relationships between engagement and academic and personal success factors ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . The survey demonstrated that active pupil engagement in CR activities correlated with higher overall college satisfaction and success. Among all pupils surveyed, CR plans and activities ranked higher than internships, cultural activities, parttime or full-time work, pupil nines and organisations, shopping, amusement, eating house options in the community, opportunity to analyze abroad, community service chances, watching varsity athleticss, take parting in varsity athleticss, and sororities/fraternities as determiners of college satisfaction and success ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . Additionally, NIRSA ( 2004 ) determined that research consequences did non vary amongst undergraduate versus alumnus pupils or private versus public establishments. Becker, Cooper, Atkins, & A ; Martin ( 2009 ) ; Hall ( 2005 ) agree with this research worker that pupils who actively participate in CR are more active on campus, in better mental and physical wellness, and satisfied with their collegiate experience. Since research workers conclude that pupil satisfaction can be straight linked to CR engagement, this research worker feels it is imperative that CR Administrators assess freshman pupil perceptual experiences of CR engagement. Rhodes and Nevill ( 2004 ) contend that on-campus pupil experiences which are either profoundly fulfilling or dissatisfying have the possible to impact morale, motive, and continuity. As a consequence, CR Administrators need to find whether pupils are sing deep satisfaction or dissatisfaction while take parting in CR scheduling. The survey of this information can take to designation of valuable concluding behind pupil determinations to prevail or go out the university ( Rhodes & A ; Nevill, 2004 ) . Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) examined the impact of ennui on leisure of college pupils in relation to gender, degree of instruction, and activity pick. Their research found that pupils with developed leisure accomplishments are satisfied and active in their leisure pick and activity. Students with undeveloped leisure accomplishments chose inactive activities which lack positive mental stimulation and psychological wages. The writers assert that the college old ages are an of import leisure development period where life-time leisure chases are built. Hickerson and Beggs ( 2007 ) conclude that CR plans play a critical function in pupil leisure accomplishment development when they offer a broad scope of quality leisure chances. Student demand for modern recreational installations has grown well, with 60 nine per centum of high school seniors bespeaking that they plan to utilize the universities diversion or intramural plan upon reaching at the school ( Intercollegiate Athletes, 2000 ) . Gose ( 2006 ) maintains that CR demand at many universities can non be met by the establishment since financess can non be used for nonacademic edifices. In most instances, pupils must straight pick the measure for recreational installation redevelopment and enlargement ( Gose, 2006 ) . Therefore, in order for CRA to fulfill incoming pupil demands and assist long pillow campus enlisting attempts they must stay focussed on satisfaction degrees amongst the bing university pupil population. If current pupils are unsated with present CR scheduling and/or costs associated with installation enlargement referenda a pledge of pupil support is improbable to happen ( Gose, 2006 ) . This research worker believes universities which fail to supply pupils with entree to modern, diverse recreational installations run the hazard of developing unhealthy, at hazard campus populations. Crumbing, overused diversion installations with out-of-date fittingness equipment typically fail to actuate pupils to prosecute in physical activity ( Gibson, 2004 ) . Additionally, light and nonusers of CR installations are less satisfied with college life than heavy users ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . As a consequence, it ‘s imperative that CRAs invariably analyze and seek to better pupil satisfaction degrees. Changeless rating may assist guarantee future pupil entree to CR installations and maximise engagement. Wever ( 2003 ) contends that the political relations of higher instruction require CRA to invariably turn out departmental worth or face budget decreases. Therefore, failure to execute equal freshman pupil perceptual experience research related to Campus Recreation will finally take to obstruction pupil satisfaction rates. Unsatisfied, culturally diverse, freshman pupils are the pupil group most at hazard of bead out. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) analyze cultural values within diverse groups in order to place sentiments of service quality related to diversion. They contend that cultural groups should non be assumed to be homogenous in service quality perceptual experience. Li, et Al ( 2008 ) recommend research of multiple populations and backgrounds in add-on to cross-sectional studies and locales in order to adequately acknowledge possible users of Parkss and diversion services. They argue that this research will ensue in a diverse, satisfied client base who will return to utilize services rendered. Campus Recreation Participation and the Effectss on Academic Persistence Since pupil continuity has become an progressively serious job for American universities, the establishments have adopted a scope of response schemes. Barefoot ( 2004 ) contends that the most common initial response is for universities to delegate pupil services professionals the duty of out-of-class keeping plan development. Literally, 1000s of keeping plans designed particularly for freshman pupils have emerged in recent old ages which include assorted nines and organisations, residential plans, expanded campus orientations, convocations, community service and events that build school spirit ( Barefoot, 2004 ) . Astin ( 1999 ) adds that keeping plans tend to be grounded in historic campus traditions, but are besides enlightened by modern research related to correlativity between pupil continuity and engagement, formation of peer relationships and group association. Harmonizing to Hall ( 2005 ) , pupils who participate in CR are socially incorporate and profoundly connected to other pupil participants, module, and staff. Pascarella and Terenzini ( 2005 ) suggested that out-of-class interaction between pupils and module members appears to systematically advance pupil continuity, educational aspirations, and degree completion, even when other factors are taken into history. They besides suggested that pupil perceptual experience of module member handiness and involvement may be adequate to advance academic continuity ( Pascarella & A ; Terenzini, 2005 ) . CR chances and involvement appear to help in developing a positive self-concept and therefore advance the integrating procedure ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Wang & A ; Shiveley ( 2009 ) agree that universities need to put more resources in pulling and enrolling pupils to take part in extracurricular activities in order to heighten their on campus battle. They assert that pupils to a great extent engaged in on campus extracurricular activities have better academic public presentation than those who are non actively engaged. Astin ‘s ( 1999 ) theory of pupil engagement provides a solid theoretical foundation to explicate the grounds for this phenomenon. Harmonizing to this theory, larning results require investing of both physical and psychological energy. The more engaged a pupil is with extracurricular activities such as Campus Recreation, the more chances there are for larning to happen. Haines & A ; Fortman ( 2008 ) conducted a survey to mensurate Campus Recreation out-of-classroom acquisition in an attempt to mensurate the impact of Campus Recreation on pupil larning. They found that participants demonstrated enormous sums of larning across a wide scope of countries including but non limited to clip direction, leading, critical thought, grasp of diverseness, and societal integrating. This survey can be used to assist warrant the demand for extra investing in Campus Recreation plans, installations, and services, in add-on to run intoing the turning demands of accreditation ( Haines & A ; Fortman, 2008 ) . Belch, Gebel and Maas ( 2001 ) examined the relationship of engagement at the University Recreation Center ( URC ) on first-year continuity rates at a big public university in the sou'-west. The consequences revealed that freshers who used the URC persisted at a higher rate after one semester and after a full twelvemonth than their equals who did non utilize the URC. Continuity rates for URC users for one semester ( 92 % ) and one twelvemonth ( 71 % ) clearly outpaced that of their nonuser opposite numbers ( 86 % and 64 % severally ) . Additionally, URC users earned somewhat higher GPAs and besides earned more recognition hours at the terminal of the first twelvemonth ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) . Campus Recreation plans, peculiarly intramural athleticss, provide a powerful channel for pupil interaction ( NIRSA, 2004 ) . This interaction may supply freshers with the chance to informally develop support groups, find study spouses, and seek advice from other pupils sing the best categories or module ( Windschitl, 2008 ) . Faculty and staff are besides a extremely seeable constituent of the rank of CR installations, which may supply ample chance for informal interaction with pupils. A recreational installation with diverse programmatic offerings based on pupil, module, and staff demands can function as a dynamic community, and in so making, establishes an outlook of battle and belonging by pupils. This activity is symbolic of the single pupil ‘s ability to link to others in the environment and to the university community itself ( Belch et al. , 2001 ) . Hausmann, Ye, Schfield & A ; Woods ( 2009 ) argue that pupils who become integrated into the societal and academic systems of the university, they develop a psychological sense of belonging to the university community, which is an of import precursor to desirable results such as increased committedness and continuity. They conducted a survey to mensurate pupil perceptual experiences related to campus assimilation and find if pupils sense of belonging affected academic continuity. Consequences demonstrated that pupils who felt integrated besides felt institutional committedness and desire to prevail. It is the research worker ‘s belief that CR plays a cardinal function in constructing institutional committedness and a desire to prevail. Elkins, Braxton, & A ; James ( 2000 ) took this construct a measure further and examined continuity rates amongst full-time, four-year university pupils between their first and 2nd semesters. They attempted to place how nucleus factors which consequence pupil bead out determinations. In peculiar, the writers focus on the primary phase of a pupil ‘s college passage which is labeled Separation. A sample of 411 pupils was studied to find the effects of outside support and pupil rejection of past attitudes and values on their determination to remain in school. Elkins, et Al ( 2000 ) contend that support from household and friends is critical to buttress pupil continuity. They besides concluded that a pupil ‘s degree of institutional committedness plays a major function in finding a demand to reject past attitudes and values in order to aline with values present at the establishment. The study informations collected by the writers aligned with old research performed by Tinto ( 1975, 1987, 1988, 1993 & A ; 1998 ) . Consistent grounds points to racial/ethnic minority groups having less support for college attending therefore go forthing this pupil group at greater hazard ( Elkins, et al 2000 ) .

Essay on Hitlers Foreign Policy - 3193 Words

_THE PATH TO DESTRUCTION: HITLER S FOREIGN POLICY_ _ï ¿ ½_ _It is not truth that matters, but victory._ Adolf Hitler No one was aware at the time of the impending tragedy with an international system busy recovering from the previous war. A League of Nations established at the Treaty of Versailles was halfheartedly trying to keep international peace in tact. However, it failed to do so. Not only did the Treaty of Versailles leave countries in economic despair but it also brought resentment to Germany; the nation with the most losses. Again, the League of Nations set up did not keep international peace. Appeasement was offered in order to avoid war, however it gave the Germans a more aggressive approach in their foreign policy. Most of†¦show more content†¦Although the League seemed strong with sixty members in the 1930s, including Britain, France, Italy and Germany, some of the most powerful nations were not members. The United States was opposed to joining, proving to weaken the League immensely. It did not have access to wealth and influence the United States had-Britain and France were terribly weak after the First World War, making them hard to be a great source of dependence. Russia also refused to join due to their communist nature. Russia s main outlook for themselves was to focus on their domestic policy. Through the eyes of British diplomats, the League was not seen to be of any strength. 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A Comparison of Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights...

Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night In all of Shakespeares plays, there is a definitive style present, a style he perfected. From his very first play (The Comedy of Errors) to his very last (The Tempest), he uses unique symbolism and descriptive poetry to express and explain the actions and events he writes about. Twelfth Night, The Tempest and A Midsummer Nights Dream are all tragicomedies that epitomise the best use of the themes and ideology that Shakespeare puts forth. Naturally, one of the most reoccurring themes in Shakespeare is romantic love. It is perhaps not a coincidence that he put so much emphasis on this elusive and enigmatic emotion. In the Elizabethan age when he†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare often writes about fantasy worlds and events, but they are all based on basic human beings and their daily lives. His love for social sciences is clear when one considers the many plays he wrote based on people in the Greek and Roman Empires(Julius Caesar); also his many other plays written based on actual people (King Lear). In The Tempest, there are very few references to love, but the one that IS present is very hopeful and positive. Ferdinand and Mirandas love for one another is so innocent and pure. The fact that they are members of the noble class adds to the feeling that there is perhaps hope for the future of the families. Family and friendly love are also present, although more as a subplot emotion. Viola and Sebastian, as well as Olivia and her late brother in Twelfth Night; Miranda and Prospero in The Tempest. Obviously there is much less emphasis on this type of love in this selection of Shakespearean plays. One of the most innovative and unique traits of Shakespeares plays are his characterisations. While the characters often represent simple things (Bottom is an ass; Miranda is pure; Viola represents duality of love), their actual personalities are very complex. Caliban, who represents