Teenage Identity Formation in Homosexuals Research Paper

Teenage Identity Formation in Homosexuals - Research Paper Example In self-identity theory this is a process known as â€Å"self-categorization† and in identity theory the process is referred to as â€Å"identification† (Stets & Burke, 2000, p. 224). Sexual orientation is among the factors that come into play in the process of forming an identity. This essay takes the position that homosexual identity in teens is a life-time development process that is intricately tied to personal identity. In particular, gay teens in Western countries are predisposed to experience conflicts and a great deal of stress as a result of overwhelming homophobic cultural influences (Vare & Norton, 1998). Essentially, it is argued that the formation of identity in homosexual teens is fraught by a prevailing culture that discriminates against sexual orientation that is inconsistent with what the dominant culture views as â€Å"normal† (Vare & Norton, 1998, p. 327). The Western media has played a significant role in the perpetuation of homosexual identity by portraying stereotypical homosexual males (Sutton, 2007). These stereotypical gay males are essentially cast by the media in fashion and primarily the creative arts. This portrayal of homosexuals creates the impression that gay men are creative and denies consideration of the possibility that gays may be from among the lower and higher sectors of the community (Sutton, 2007). The media’s role in the formation of homosexual identity is thus one of ascription which invariably influences how the teen homosexual adopts to and achieves his or her personal identity as a homosexual. Thus this paper is formulated around three research questions: 1. How does being homosexual or gal effect teenager’s identity formation? 2. Does the media glorify being a homosexual/gay? 3. Does the media help with being accepting? This paper is divided into three main parts. The first part of this paper analyzes theoretical perspectives on personal identity in teens and thus explores the environmental and personal factors that influence personal identity along the path of ascription, achievement and adoption. The second part of this paper analyzes more directly, how personal identity is formed among homosexual teens and thus identifies the factors influencing ascription, achievement and adoption of homosexual identity. The third part of this paper analyzes the role that the media plays in identity formation in homosexual teens. Personal Identity Formation in Teens Neff and McGehee (2010) inform that self-identity is a major exercise for teens. During adolescence, the teen is typically experiencing a number of emotional difficulties associated with issues related to evaluating and perceiving the self. The teen also goes through a process of comparing the self with social realities and attempting to find a self-identity and determining where the teem fits into the â€Å"social hiera rchy† (Neff & McGehee, 2010, p. 225). According to Neff and McGehee (2010), invariably, the teen’s self-evaluation and comparisons end up with a negative self-analysis as the teen is typically confronting a number of stressors such as concerns over: academic performance, the need to be popular and ‘fit in’ with the right peer crowd, body image, concerns with sexual attractiveness, and so on†¦(p. 225). However, Erikson’s (1968 cited in Sokol, 2009) theory of identity development, while it speaks to this process as one of crisis, it encompasses more broadly a journey to achievement and thus encompassing ascribing and adopting. Thus according to Erikson (1968cited in Sokol, 2009), the word crisis in terms of identity formation is â€Å"not a threat of catastrophe,† rather it is a â€Å"turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential†

Create a Popular Culture Artifact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Create a Popular Culture Artifact - Assignment Example I would like to incorporate some popular culture elements in my website. As I said, I would include the shopping option using virtual shelves and windows displaying costumes that the e-consumer would like to buy after going through the catalogue and put into his shopping cart. He would be able to pay online using his credit card or any payment website like AlertPay or Pay Pal. Second, I would like to include the option of chat. The consumers will be able to have an online chat with the designers and other fashion-savvy consumers. I will also include blogs from the visitors of the website along with news about the upcoming events in the fashion industry. The website will have animations and colorful layout. I would also add the option of joining a favorite designers’ group at facebook by providing a link to the facebook page where the e-consumers would be able to join that group, become a fan of a specific designer, comment on his designed accessories, and view his collection. The visitors will be able to contact a designer through my website and place orders by explaining what type of costumes or accessories they want. I will include videos and podcasts about the fashion shows and events happening in the fashion industry. People will be able to download these videos and podcasts onto their media players. I will also give space to fashion advertisements and sponsors that will help people further explore the fashion world. I will be using Frontpage for basic programming along with EZGenerator website building software to make the best use of website templates that would help me incorporate all the popular culture elements I have mentioned above. I would take help from softwares like CoffeeCup, Ewisoft Website Builder, EasyWebEditor and Adobe Dreamweaver to make my website attractive and interesting to visit. I would like to incorporate beautifully created and colorful website icons in my

Unethical Marketing Research Practices

Unethical Marketing Research Practices Practices in relation to proposals constitute a breach of professionalism, courtesy and ethics, research managers should understand that, Examples of common faults: Added consulting services prior to winning the assignment, expecting the research company to provide value Developing research instruments and special exercises and providing customized local market information. These may include project design, However, it is wrong to make this an expectation., the research company may wish to supply some of these services to place themselves in a better competitive position; In order to place the second in a better competitive position, disclosing details of one Research Companys proposal to another Company information and pricing structure the research companys approach should be treated as proprietary and confidential. Research managers should not use another company as a lever or check on a regular supplier, seeking comparison bids without charge Evaluating Research The process of vendor selection can sometimes become derailed by individual egos and political dynamics which are harmful to successful study execution and should be avoided, the research manager typically must review them with senior research, brand and marketing management. The consultants personal qualities including their level of enthusiasm, poise and professionalism as well as the skills and professional capabilities offered by the research company, primary criteria that should be applied in the selection process are the fit between the projects substantive requirements and the research manager should be certain that the proposals offered are equivalent in all respects, particularly in terms of specifications and possible hidden costs not apparent in the quotation Unethical Practices in Marketing RESEARCH SUPPLIERS Low-ball pricing Underpaying field services Lack of objectivity Abuse of respondents Selling unnecessary research Violating client confidentiality Research Clients Issuing bid requests when a supplier has been predetermined Obtaining free advice and methodology via bid requests Making false promises Unauthorized requests for proposals Field Services Law-ball Pricing What Is Low Balling the Price When Buying Car? Car dealers are often stereotyped as tricky and dishonest, and the car buying experience is viewed as an adversarial contest between the customer and salesperson. While its not always that way, there are some dishonest dealerships and salespeople who will use unethical practices to sell their cars. One of these practices is known as lowball. Not every dealer will use it, but you should be aware of it in case someone tries it. If they do, you should know how to handle it. Lowball the price of a car means offering to sell it at an unrealistically low price. For example, a car dealer might offer you a vehicle for $27,000 even though it normally sells for a minimum of $30,000. Unfortunately, the dealer has no intention of actually selling the car at that price. Its an underhanded tactic to get you through the door. There are two purposes for giving you a lowball offer. If you are shopping around, Roosevelt Gist of Auto Network says a salesperson will give a lowball price to ensure that you will come back. He knows that no other dealer will be able to meet the offer, so he wants to guarantee your return. He wont give you anything in writing, and when you return he wont honor the price. Youll get an excuse like you misunderstood or the sales manager wouldnt approve it or the car has been sold. Instead, youll find yourself back in negotiations. The second purpose is to get you into the dealership if you have not been there yet. If you are shopping via email or over the phone, the dealer may call you with a price that sounds too good to be true. When you arrive, he wont honor the price. It may seem that lowball would turn off buyers, but some dealers get good results with this tactic. If youre shopping over the phone or via email and he can get you through the door, he hopes that you wont want to be bothered shopping around at other dealers. If he can get you to do a test drive and engage you in negotiations, he hopes to make a sale. If youre already at the dealership after shopping around, he is counting on the fact that you are tired and will give in to the higher price. The best reaction when you have been lowballs to simply walk out the door. Once you see the dealer has no intention of honoring the price, youll also see that he is not above using dishonest tactics. Its better to spending more time shopping around than to deal with an unethical business. You can prevent lowball by asking the salesperson to put his offer in writing if it sounds unusually low. If he makes the offer over the phone, ask him to send you an email or fax you a written confirmation before you visit the dealership. If he refuses to do this, dont bother going to the dealership. Youve probably gotten a lowball offer that will not be honored when you arrive. Lake of Objectivity How to Avoid Unethical Behaviors and Dirty Tricks of Realtors Since the commissions of the Real Estate Agent are being paid by the seller of the house a buyer cannot relay on his objectivity or impartial conduct, like in many professions and occupations there are honest and ethical people and there are some who arent exactly as since without a buyer there is no deal, the seller can expect the agent to exert pressure to lower the selling price. Therefore he would do anything in his power to make the buyer pay more than he wanted and on the other hand (the good hand :-), push the seller to settle for less than he hoped to be paid for his property. In short, the agents main interest is to make sure that there would be a sale, so he would be able to get his commission , what we would concentrate here though, is the unethical dirty tricks and manipulations some of the Real Estate agents are using in order to achieve it. In general it make sense to bring both sides to agree on realistic price that can cut a deal Misconduct of Agents to Seller The sellers are the biggest losers from the real estate agents tricks Home owners are often duped into paying money to agents before their homes are sold. If their home does not sell, or it sells for less than the consumer was led to believe, this money, which often amounts to thousands of dollars, is lost. Purpose of advertising is NOT to sell homes, but to raise the profile of agents; this is at the direct expense of home sellers. Home sellers are being convinced by a rational that the price goes up at auctions but the reason the price goes up at auction is because it starts at a very low price. The truth is that auctions get lower prices more often than they get higher prices. Among agents, an auction is considered the fastest and best conditioning method. Home Owners lose millions through having their homes undersold at auctions.. It is a common deceit. At other times, home sellers are given totally fictitious offers in order to convince them to lower prices, many agents submit offers to sellers which are lower than the offer actually made by the buyers. This reckless disregard for the personal safety of home-owners is a serious ethical concern. Open Inspections, Almost anyone can walk through a family home without identification. Agents will say that there has been lots of activity and, if no one has bought, the price must be lowered. But agents do not say that the people who looked were not qualified Also, the more lookers who can be attracted to an open inspection the easier it is to persuade the owner to reduce the price. Abuse of Respondents Often, an association and its members will have already heard rumors or seen patterns of wrongdoing before a crisis becomes public. By choosing to do nothing then-or even after a scandal breaks-associations have failed their professions and industries. Leadership and quick action to shore up public trust is needed. I am convinced that many associations have failed their professions and industries in times of scandal and crisis. But what should an association do when one or more of its members is waist-deep in a public scandal? Here are a few suggestions: Condemn the sin, not the sinner. Public confidence in a profession or industry demands that the profession always be ready to draw clear lines between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It is possible to make a strong and timely statement on the ethics of a specific behavior without judging whether the particular behavior has occurred in this case or whether a specific executive is guilty. The first response of an association must be to label the unethical behavior for what it is Ask the accused to step aside. It should be an unwritten law of associations and professional societies that accused individuals step aside temporarily until charges are resolved. The credibility of any association depends on the integrity of its leaders. This does not admit guilt, but simply respects the special role of the association. Pull the trigger if guilt is established. If the guilt of an individual or member firm is established, then the association must act to force the resignation or withdraw the membership of the guilty. Cases where guilt is never proven, but the stench of scandal is strong, present harder choices. Associations must be in the business of building public trust. Quiet action to force the resignation of an association board member may be called for. If an association today does not have a process for throwing out a member, it had better create one. Define and advocate best ethical practices, not just minimum behaviors. Association codes designed to define and advocate exemplary rather than minimal behaviors. In todays ethical climate, restoring trust will require a focus on best practices and exemplary behavior If only the lower boundary is established, those inclined to wrongdoing will always be probing how low is low, most association and industry codes of ethical conduct are least common denominators, a list of provisions that virtually every member can agree to because the standards are so low Keep your ethics current with the changing nature of your profession or industry. Ethical norms codified by the firms and their associations in the past addressed problems of a simpler time. Only through visionary action and timely debate on new ethical issues facing the profession or industry will public credibility and trust be sustained The ethical failures in the accounting, financial services, health care, and telecommunications industries can in part be attributed to the rapidly changing structure and altered characteristics of those industries Selling unnecessary Research Admittedly, people assume different approaches to managing their visibility. On the contrary, years of BSRP research finds that in our culture, if you want to get paid what youre worth, its essential. Doing whatever you can to direct attention to the competencies you have, and contributions you make, is not inherently wrong or evil. Some are narcissistic and vain but not necessarily unethical. However, there are some people who plainly do not subscribe to conventional rule of conduct. To them, for example, the rhetoric of principles, values and integrity only serves as an additional device which can be used to scam others. Their unrestrained behavior taints ethical self-projection for everyone. They may be tedious and boring, but they are not necessarily unethical. The result is a catalog of twenty-two behavioral tools unethical self-promoters tend to use. How many have you experienced? Well intended people are content to practice appropriate self-presentation, when they can, moderated by a sense of honor, respect for the truth and prudent regard for the feelings of others For 30 years we have been observing those devices in use, especially as they are used by salespeople, managers, executives, ex-clergy, consultants, psychologists, and others. Violating Client Confidentiality Temptation grows stronger when were tired, afraid, under pressure, or in conflict all of us face the human temptation to duck important ethical responsibilities. By making what we know or suspect is unethical seem perfectly ethical. Common cognitive strategies can fool us They can spin the most questionable behaviors into ethical ideals. The most common ethical fallacies rely on twisted judgment, appealing fallacies, and juggled language. To restate a major theme of this book: We believe that the overwhelming majority of psychologists are conscientious, caring individuals, committed to ethical behavior. We also believe that all of us are fallible, no one is perfect in all areas at all times, and we all share vulnerabilities at one time or another to at least a few of these ethical justifications. What sorts of cognitive maneuvers can transform unethical behavior into the ethical ideal? Many of the justifications below appeared in previous editions of this book, and some were added when the list appeared in Here are a few. We encourage readers to expand the list. Unethical not as long as a managed care administrator or insurance case reviewer required or suggested it. Unethical not what sorts of cognitive maneuvers can transform unethical behavior into the ethical ideal? if the American Psychological Association or similar organization allows it. Unethical not if an ethics code never mentions the concept, term, or act Unethical not as long as any law was broken. If someone discovers that our c.v. is full of degrees we never earned, positions we never held, and awards we never received, all we need do is non defensively acknowledge that mistakes were made and its time to move on Its not unethical as long as we can name others who do the same thing. unethical not if we can use the passive voice and look ahead. Its not unethical as long as we didnt mean to hurt anyone. unethical not even if our acts have caused harm as long as the person we harmed had it coming, provoked us, deserved it, was really asking for it, or practically forced us to do it or, failing that, has not behaved perfectly, is in some way unlikable, or is acting unreasonably. without any doubt whatsoever that exactly what we did was the necessary and sufficient proximate cause of harm to the client and that the client would otherwise be free of all physical and psychological problems. Its not unethical as long as there is no body of universally accepted, methodologically perfect (i.e., without any flaws, weaknesses, or limitations) studies showing -, difficulties, or challenges. Its not unethical if we could not (or did not) anticipate the unintended consequences of our acts. For example, it may seem as if a therapist who has submitted hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of bogus insurance claims for patients he never saw might have behaved unethically. Its not unethical if we acknowledge the importance of judgment, consistency, and context. : It was simply an error in judgment, completely inconsistent with the high ethics manifest in every other part of the persons life, and insignificant in the context of the unbelievable good that this person does. However, as attorneys and others representing such professionals often point out Use of professional Respondents Unethical Behavior Its Impact on Todays Workplace Such unethical behaviors include a wide variety of different activities. Among the most common unethical business behaviors of employees are making long-distance calls on business lines, duplicating software for use at home, falsifying the number of hours worked, or much more serious and illegal practices, such as embezzling money from the business, or falsifying business records. Though there is sometimes a difference between behaviors that are unethical and activities that are actually illegal, it is up to the business itself to decide how it deals with unethical behavior legal or not. It is a sad truth that the employees of just about every business, in every business, will occasionally encounter team members who are taking part in unethical behaviors. After all, unethical behavior that is not illegal frequently falls in a grey area between right and wrong that make it difficult to decide what to do when it is encountered. Many employees find that discovering unethical behavior among co-workers actually tests their own values and ethical behaviors. For example, some people feel that it is alright to tell a little white lie, or to make one long distance call on the companys nickel, as long as they can justify it in their mind. Furthermore, different people have different views regarding what is ethical and what is unethical. Employee needs to consider how s/he feels about that particular activity, as well as informing about that activity, or turning a blind eye. When employees discover other employees doing something that they know is wrong by the companys standards, their own sense of what is right and what is wrong instantly comes into question The first step is to create a company policy, in writing, that is read and signed by each employee. This erases most feelings of ambiguity when it comes to deciding what to do after witnessing an unethical behavior Should the employee speak to the individual directly, or should the employee head directly to a company supervisor? Even by deciding to do something about it, the employee who has discovered the unethical behavior is presented with a number of difficult choices. To make this decision a bit easier, many companies have adopted several techniques that allow for the management of unethical activities. With clear instructions, there will be less hesitation in reporting unethical activities, and then they can be dealt with quickly and relatively easily, before they develop into overwhelming issues the second is to give a clear outline of what is expected of the person who has discovered the unethical behavior. It should include the person who should be contacted, and how to go about doing it. Furthermore, the repercussions of unethical behaviors should be clearly stated. both the person doing the activity, and the witness to the activity will be well aware of the way that things will be dealt with, and there wont be any risk of someone not reporting unethical behavior because theyre afraid that the culprit will be unfairly treated. Communication is key in the proper management of unethical behavior in todays workplace. RESOURCES Hagan, F. (2000). Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Lasley, J. (1999). Essentials of Criminal Justice and Criminological Research. NJ: Prentice Hall Neuman, L. B. Wiegand. (2000). Criminal Justice Research Methods. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Reynolds, P. (1982). Ethics and Social Science Research. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Senese, J. (1997). Applied Research Methods in Criminal Justice. Chicago: Nelson Hall. Not an official webpage of APSU, copyright restrictions apply, see Megalinks in Criminal Justice OConnor, T. (Date of Last Update at bottom of page). In Part of web cited (Windows name for file at top of browser), MegaLinks in Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/rest of URL accessed on todays date.

Anatomy of an Interview :: Interviewing Job Workforce Essays

According to Professor G.J. of Texas Tech University, "a productive interview is much like a good conversation, questions are asked to elicit more than a yes or no answer" ("Interviewing"). In an interview there are certain criteria to be addressed. This criteria includes, the purpose, the collection of data or evidence, and the concluding thoughts on the subject. The "Interview with the Luddite," between Kevin Kelly and Kirkpatrick Sale demonstrate the basic principles of interviewing. Kevin Kelly is the author of Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-biological Civilization (1994). Kirkpatrick Sale is the author of Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution-Lessons for the Computer Age (1995). Their discussion or disagreement on the subject of technology expresses the issues raised on both sides of the topic. Both men divulge their opinions as well as what they view as evidence to support their claims. Analysis of the interview involves the concepts of tone and fallacy. The definition of tone is: "a particular vocal quality that indicates some emotion or feeling, an accent, inflection, or intonation" (Webster's 1984). A fallacy, according to Webster's Dictionary, is: "A statement or argument based on a false or invalid inference." These two subtle parts influence the entire interview. The interaction and inverse relationship between tone and fallacy can sway the direction of an interview. Kelly creates the initial tone of the interview. By asking the first question, he sets the environment for Sale to respond. In the interview between Kelly and Sale, Kelly opens the discussion with the fallacy of loaded language. He asks Sale, "Other than arson and a lot of vandalism, what did the Luddites accomplish in the long run?" (243). The words "arson" and "vandalism" force Sale to be on defense right from the beginning. Sale realizes this and answers Kelly with the fallacy, Post Hoc; inferring that since one event occurs after another, it must be the cause of the second event. He argues that because "technosphere" interferes with the "biosphere" that it must be "destroying the biosphere" (244). These two examples demonstrate how tone of the interview is set. After both men raise their side's flag, they automatically assume that the rest of the interview will be an offense/defense interchange. The purpose of this interview is to raise the issue of technology and address it from both sides of the topic. In simplified terms, Kelly is for technology, while Sale is against technology. Anatomy of an Interview :: Interviewing Job Workforce Essays According to Professor G.J. of Texas Tech University, "a productive interview is much like a good conversation, questions are asked to elicit more than a yes or no answer" ("Interviewing"). In an interview there are certain criteria to be addressed. This criteria includes, the purpose, the collection of data or evidence, and the concluding thoughts on the subject. The "Interview with the Luddite," between Kevin Kelly and Kirkpatrick Sale demonstrate the basic principles of interviewing. Kevin Kelly is the author of Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-biological Civilization (1994). Kirkpatrick Sale is the author of Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution-Lessons for the Computer Age (1995). Their discussion or disagreement on the subject of technology expresses the issues raised on both sides of the topic. Both men divulge their opinions as well as what they view as evidence to support their claims. Analysis of the interview involves the concepts of tone and fallacy. The definition of tone is: "a particular vocal quality that indicates some emotion or feeling, an accent, inflection, or intonation" (Webster's 1984). A fallacy, according to Webster's Dictionary, is: "A statement or argument based on a false or invalid inference." These two subtle parts influence the entire interview. The interaction and inverse relationship between tone and fallacy can sway the direction of an interview. Kelly creates the initial tone of the interview. By asking the first question, he sets the environment for Sale to respond. In the interview between Kelly and Sale, Kelly opens the discussion with the fallacy of loaded language. He asks Sale, "Other than arson and a lot of vandalism, what did the Luddites accomplish in the long run?" (243). The words "arson" and "vandalism" force Sale to be on defense right from the beginning. Sale realizes this and answers Kelly with the fallacy, Post Hoc; inferring that since one event occurs after another, it must be the cause of the second event. He argues that because "technosphere" interferes with the "biosphere" that it must be "destroying the biosphere" (244). These two examples demonstrate how tone of the interview is set. After both men raise their side's flag, they automatically assume that the rest of the interview will be an offense/defense interchange. The purpose of this interview is to raise the issue of technology and address it from both sides of the topic. In simplified terms, Kelly is for technology, while Sale is against technology.

Obligation and Contracts Reviewer

OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS REVIEWER TITLE I – OBLIGATIONS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do. JURIDICAL NECESSITY – juridical tie; connotes that in case of noncompliance, there will be legal sanctions. – An obligation is nothing more than the duty of a person (obligor) to satisfy a specific demandable claim of another person (obligee) which, if breached, is enforceable in court. – A contract necessarily gives rise to an obligation but an obligation does not always need to have a contract.KINDS OF OBLIGATION A. From the viewpoint of â€Å"sanction† – 1. CIVIL OBLIGATION – that defined in Article 1156; an obligation, if not fulfilled when it becomes due and demandable, may be enforced in court through action; based on law; the sanction is  judicial due process 2. NATURAL OBLIGATION – defined in Article 1423; a special kind of obligation which cannot be enforced i n court but which authorizes the retention of the voluntary payment or performance made by the debtor; based on equity and natural law. (i. e. hen there is prescription of duty to pay, still, the obligor paid his dues to the obligee – the obligor cannot recover his payment even there is prescription) the sanction is the law, but only conscience had originally motivated the payment. 3. MORAL OBLIGATION – the sanction is conscience or morality, or the law of the church. (Note: If a Catholic promises to hear mass for 10 consecutive Sundays in order to receive P1,000, this obligation becomes a civil one. ) B. From the viewpoint of subject matter – 1. REAL OBLIGATION – the obligation to give 2. PERSONAL OBLIGATION – the obligation to do or not to do (e. . the duty to paint a house, or to refrain from committing a nuisance) C. From the affirmativeness and negativeness of the obligation – 1. POSITIVE OR AFFIRMATIVE OBLIGATION – the obligatio n to give or to do 2. NEGATIVE OBLIGATION – the obligation not to do (which naturally inludes not to give) D. From the viewpoint of persons obliged – â€Å"sanction† – 1. UNILATERAL – where only one of the parties is bound (e. g. Plato owes Socrates P1,000. Plato must pay Socrates. ) 2. BILATERAL – where both parties are bound (e. g. In a contract of sale, the buyer is obliged to deliver) – may be: (b. ) reciprocal (b. 2) non-reciprocal – where performance by one is non-dependent upon performance by the other ELEMENTS OF OBLIGATION a)ACTIVE SUBJECT – (Creditor / Obligee) the person who is demanding the performance of the obligation; b)PASSIVE SUBJECT – (Debtor / Obligor) the one bound to perform the prestation or to fulfill the obligation or duty; c)PRESTATION – (to give, to do, or not to do) object; subject matter of the obligation; conduct required to be observed by the debtor; d)EFFICIENT CAUSE – the JURIDICAL TIE which binds the parties to the obligation; source of the obligation.PRESTATION (Object) 1. TO GIVE – delivery of a thing to the creditor (in sale, deposit, pledge, donation); 2. TO DO – covers all kinds of works or services (contract for professional services); 3. NOT TO DO – consists of refraining from doing some acts (in following rules and regulations). Requisites of Prestation / Object: 1)licit (if illicit, it is void) 2)possible (if impossible, it is void) 3)determinate or determinable (or else, void) 4)pecuniary value †¢INJURY – wrongful act or omission which causes loss or harm to another †¢DAMAGE – result of injury (loss, hurt, harm) 157. Obligation arises from – (1) law; (2) contracts; (3) quasi-contracts; (4) acts or omissions punished by law; (5) quasi-delicts. (1) LAW (Obligation ex lege) – imposed by law itself; must be expressly or impliedly set forth and cannot be presumed – [See Artic le 1158] (2) CONTRACTS (Obligation ex contractu) – arise from stipulations of the parties: meeting of the minds / formal agreement – must be complied with in good faith because it is the â€Å"law† between parties; neither party may nilaterally evade his obligation in the contract, unless: a)contract authorizes it b)other party assents Note: Parties may freely enter into any stipulations, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public     policy – [See Article 1159] (3) QUASI-CONTRACTS (Obligation ex quasi-contractu) – arise from lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts and which are enforceable to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another – 2 kinds: 1.Negotiorum gestio – unauthorized management; This takes place when a person voluntarily takes charge of   another’s abandoned business or property without the owner’s authority 2. Solutio i ndebiti – undue payment; This takes place when something is received when there is no right to demand it, and it was unduly delivered thru mistake – [See Article 1160] (4) DELICTS (Obligation ex maleficio or ex delicto) – arise from civil liability which is the consequence of a criminal offense – Governing rules: 1.Pertinent provisions of the RPC and other penal laws subject to Art 2177 Civil Code [Art 100, RPC – Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable] 2. Chapter 2, Preliminary title, on Human Relations ( Civil Code ) 3. Title 18 of Book IV of the Civil Code – on damages – [See Article 1161] (5) QUASI-DELICTS / TORTS (Obligation ex quasi-delicto or ex quasi-maleficio) – arise from damage caused to another through an act or omission, there being no fault or negligence, but no contractual relation exists between the parties – [See Article 1162] 158. Obligations from law are not presumed. Only th ose (1) expressly determined in this code or (2) in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the precepts of the law which establishes them; and as to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this code. †¢Unless such obligations are EXPRESSLY provided by law, they are not demandable and enforceable, and cannot be presumed to exist. †¢The Civil Code can be applicable suppletorily to obligations arising from laws other than the Civil Code itself. Special laws – refer to all other laws not contained in the Civil Code. 1159. Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith. CONTRACT – meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give, to do something or to render some service; governed primarily by the agreement of the contracting parties. VALID CONTRACT – it should not be against the law, contrary to mora ls, good customs, public order, and public policy. In the eyes of law, a void contract does not exist and no obligation will arise from it. OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM CONTRACTS – primarily governed by the stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions of their agreements. †¢If a contract’s prestation is unconscionable (unfair) or unreasonable, even if it does not violate morals, law, etc. , it may not be enforced totally. †¢Interpretation of contract involves a question of law. COMPLIANCE IN GOOD FAITH – compliance or performance in accordance with the stipulations or terms of the contract or agreement.FALSIFICATION OF A VALID CONTRACT – only the unauthorized insertions will be disregarded; the original terms and stipulations should be considered valid and subsisting for the partied to fulfill. 1160. Obligations derived from quasi-contracts shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 1, title 17 of this book. QUASI-CONTRACT – juridical relat ion resulting from lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts by virtue of which, both parties become bound to each other, to the end that no one will be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of the other. (See Article 2142) 1)NEGOTIORUM GESTIO – juridical relation which takes place when somebody voluntarily manages the property affairs of another without the knowledge or consent of the latter; owner shall reimburse the gestor for necessary and useful expenses incurred by the latter for the performance of his function as gestor. (2)SOLUTIO INDEBITI – something is received when there is no right to demand it and it was unduly delivered through mistake; obligation to return the thing arises on the part of the recipient. (e. g. If I let a storekeeper change my P500 bill and by error he gives me P560, I have the duty to return the extra P60) 1161.Civil obligations arising from criminal offenses shall be governed by the penal laws, subject to the provisions of Article 21 77, and of the pertinent provisions of Chapter 2, Preliminary in Human Relations, and of Title 18 of this book, regulating damages. Governing rules: 1. Pertinent provisions of the RPC and other penal laws subject to Art 2177 Civil Code [Art 100, RPC – Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable] 2. Chapter 2, Preliminary title, on Human Relations ( Civil Code ) 3. Title 18 of Book IV of the Civil Code – on damages †¢Every person criminally liable for a felony is also criminally liable (art. 00, RPC) CRIMINAL LIABILITY INCLUDES: (a)RESTITUTION – restoration of property previously taken away; the thing itself shall be restored, even though it be found in the possession of a third person who has acquired it by lawful means, saving to the latter his action against the proper person who may be liable to him. (b)REPARATION OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED – court determines the amount of damage: price of a thing, sentimental value, etc. (c)INDEM NIFICATION FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES – includes damages suffered by the family of the injured party or by a third person by reason of the crime. Effect of acquittal in criminal case: . when acquittal is due to reasonable doubt – no civil liability b. when acquittal is due to exempting circumstances – there is civil liability c. when there is preponderance of evidence – there is civil liability 1162. Obligations derived from quasi-delicts shall be governed by the provisions of chapter 2, title 17 of this book, and by special laws. QUASI-DELICT (culpa aquiliana) – an act or omission by a person which causes damage to another giving rise to an obligation to pay for the damage done, there being fault or negligence but there is no pre-existing contractual relation between parties. (See Article 2176)REQUISITES: a. omission b. negligence c. damage caused to the plaintiff d. direct relation of omission, being the cause, and the damage, being the effect e. no pre-existing contractual relations between parties Fault or Negligence – consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, time, and of the place. BASIS DELICTS QUASI-DELICTS 1. INTENT Criminal/ malicious Negligence 2. INTEREST Affects PUBLIC interest Affects PRIVATE interest 3.LIABILITY Criminal and civil liabilities Civil liability 4. PURPOSE Purpose – punishment Indemnification 5. COMPROMISE Cannot be comprised Can be compromised 6. GUILT Proved beyond reasonable doubt Preponderance of evidence CHAPTER 2 NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS 1163. Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care. Speaks of an obligation to care of a DETERMINATE thing (that is one which is specific; a thing identified by its indi viduality) which an obligor is supposed to deliver to another. †¢Reason: the obligor cannot take care of the whole class/genus DUTIES OF DEBTOR: †¢Preserve or take care of the things due. ? ~DILIGENCE OF A GOOD FATHER – a good father does not abandon his family, he is always ready to provide and protect his family; ordinary care which an average and reasonably prudent man would do. -Defined in the negative in Article 1173 ~ANOTHER STANDARD OF CARE – extraordinary diligence provided in the stipulation of parties. ? ~FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED – diligence depends on the nature of obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the person, time, and place. ** Debtor is not liable if his failure to deliver the thing is due to fortuitous events or force majeure†¦ without negligence or fault in his part. †¢Deliver the fruits of a thing †¢Deliver the accessions/accessories †¢Deliver the thing itself †¢Answer for damages in case of non-fulfillment or breach

Rich vs. The Classic 50s Wife Essay

â€Å"But to be a female human being trying to fulfill traditional female functions in a traditional way is in direct conflict with the subversive function of the imagination. The word traditional is important here. There must be ways, and we will be finding out more and more about them, in which the energy of creation and the energy of relation can be united† (Rich 350). Adrienne Rich, a writer from the 20th century, compares and contrasts the ability to become a woman writer as well as being the clichà © 1950s housewife in her essay â€Å"When We Dead Awaken: Writing As Re-Vision† . Even though Rich experiences what many women did not she organizes her essay as though they could follow her footsteps. Using many authors such as Henry James, and even herself, she helps collaborate an organize and essay in a way that makes it incredible easier for the reader to understand and follow. When writing an essay, one of the most important aspects to remember is the organization of your essay. If you do not brainstorm and plan your essay, your reader could rotationally be lost, or even confused on what your paper or essay is about. For example in Rich’s essay, she organizes her essay according to her lifetime. In the beginning she tries to explain, in a way, a sense of â€Å"re-visioning†; the act of modifying or even changing an idea. The ability for a woman to be both a writer, and a 50s housewife was nearly impossible back in the day. However Rich believes that it can be done, and that is what this re-visioning plan is all about. She uses many other authors in supporting her argument, and her initial plan to bring about women writers. She then finishes her essay with her own personal experiences in coming about as a woman writer. This way of organizing is very efficient, and helpful especially to the reader. Not only does is give the reader an example of how it is to be done, but it shows them that what was thought of the impossible, was in fact possible. It also shows the woman of that time that it was okay to be both a housewife and a writer; or just a writer like Rich. This is also a life lesson for the public. We are changing everyday.  Throughout the entire world rules are changing, people are changing, and society is changing as a whole. No matter how hard something is, nothing is impossible. Rich succeeded in her dream in becoming a writer, so you should strive into becoming what you want to be. Rich used other readers into helping her throughout this essay and I feel it was very efficient for her to do so. â€Å"He once opened his eyes, in the raw winter dawn, to see his companion, in a dressing-gown, on her knees before the domestic hearth, a candle-stick beside her and a red madras round her head, making a bravery with her own hands the fire that was to enable her to sit down betimes to urgent pen and paper. The story represents him as having felt that the spectacle chilled his ardor and tried his taste; her appearance was unfortunate, her occupation as inconsequence, and her industry a reproof – the result of all which was a lively irritation and an early rupture† (Rich 345). In this quote the husband is almost disgusted with how his wife looks, and what she is doing. Instead of preparing him dinner or cleaning the house, she is about to light the fire and write. This type of judgment towards woman that write caused a problem with those who were wanting to become a writer. I believe the reason Rich included this in her piece is because it shows what women went through in the process of becoming a writer. It connects with her, especially, because she went through these exact phases. However, like I said in the previous paragraph, Rich proves that nothing is impossible. She made herself heard and if you wanted to become a female writer, than you could. Not only did Rich use other authors, but she used some of her other poems and writings as well. Rich wrote on a notebook during her tough times, â€Å"Paralyzed by the sense that there exists a mesh of relationships – e.g., between my anger at the children, my sensual life, pacifism, sex ( I mean sex in its broadest significance, not merely sexual desire)- an interconnectedness which, if I could see it, make it valid, would five me back myself, make it possible to function lucidly and passionately. Yet I grope in and out among these dark webs† (Rich 350). Here, Rich is trying to explain, in her own words, the frustration she encountered on her journey into finding herself. She is  trying to find a middle point in between being a housewife, a mother, and a writer. She uses this passage to prove once more how hard it really was to accomplish your dream in life, especially hers. Nothing comes to you on a â€Å"silver platter†, and there will be sacrifices that you will have to make. It shows the reader how it affected her as a woman, and how she personally f elt. This helps the reader feel her emotions, and really see the hard times. Throughout this entire piece I found myself in Rich’s footsteps. Throughout my entire life there has been bumps in the road, and hard times that I had to overcome. Just like her, I made it through them and carried on, which I believe is what she did to become a writer. Organizing her piece the way she did, and structuring it the way she did, helped me, the reader, really understand her point of view, as well as some of the other authors. Works Cited Rich, Adrienne. â€Å"When We Dead Awaken: Writing As Re-Vision.† From Inquiry to Academic Writing, Boston: Bedford/St.Martin’s, 2008. 342-355. Print.

History of Pop Culture essays

History of Pop Culture essays Pop culture is a term given to describe all the various cultural elements found in any given society. These elements are often perpetuated through societys language, particularly vernacular language. It encompasses everything, from daily interactions between people, to the needs and desires of individuals and communities to the various cultural moments that surround our everyday lives within mainstream society. Further, pop culture includes such activities as cooking, clothing, fashion, consumption, entertainment, sports, literature and especially mass media. It is often through the mss distribution of these things that creates pop culture, or, in other words, makes that particular culture popular. In comparison, pop culture is often placed into contrast with the typically more exclusive and elitist high culture. Pop culture is something that is in a constant state of flux; therefore what was pop culture yesterday is no longer pop culture today. For this reason, pop culture is something that occurs uniquely in a specific place and time. It can be best described as a river that forms and reforms currents and eddies that each represent the complexity of the numerous, interdependent perspectives, values and institutions of society that, together, create pop culture. Often time pop culture grows out of a subculture that, through mass circulation, becomes mainstream and thus gain a widespread public appeal. In the twentieth century, especially the late twentieth century, mass media has come to be one of the main reasons for the growth of popular culture. Prior to mass media, everything was localized, or more community-based. It was not until the advent of mass media and mass production that the definition of a community grew and thus pop culture came into existence- something to appeal to the entire society. The process works by the media conveying the work and activities of others to the general populat...

The Druze Religion Essays - Druze, Gnosticism, Mysticism

The Druze Religion Essays - Druze, Gnosticism, Mysticism The Druze Religion The Druze Religion In the Middle East are many religions. The most found religions are Muslim, Christianity, and Judaism. One religion you will most likely not hear about is the religion of the Druze. It is a very secretive and small religion. Not many documents and information on this practice are released to people outside the religion. The Druze are known for their belligerence and independence. The Druze religion is a small, old, unique, and mysterious practice. The history of the Druze is old and unlike any other religion. The religion was established around 1017 in Egypt and North Africa, when the sixth Fatimid caliph, al-hakim bi-Amrih Allah, declared himself the incarnation of God (Druze Microsoft p.1). However, even before 1017, ideas and increase of the new religion had begun. Hamzah ibn Ali converted Muhammad ad-Darazi, a Shii missionary from which the religion got its name. (Adams p.1) Muhammed al-Darazi preached the new religion to the people of Lebanon and was reportedly killed for letting people practice wine drinking and sexual excesses. After al-Darazis death, Hamzah made new fundamentals of the new sect with the help of many others on many sacred works. In 1021, al-Hakim Hamzah was supposedly murdered, but his followers believed that he had gone into hiding and would return again for his first appearance in a thousand years (M.Z.H. p.1061). After the religion had been established, it moved into Syria and Lebanon. In 1860, a war broke out between the Druzes and the Christians. The British supported the Druze and the French supported the Christians. Over 15,000 Christians died. In 1861, a Christian governor general set up an autonomous system of government in Lebanon where the people lived in prosperity and relative tranquility until 1918 (H.Z.H p.1061). After World War I, the Atrash family gained possibilities of seizing control of an area that was controlled by Jabar ad-Duruz. The French were supporting the Druze but could eventually not control the situation. Revolt broke out in Syria and part of Lebanon, but the revolt failed due to lack of support from the Lebanese Druzes. Today, the Druze mainly live in Syria in Jabal ad-Duruz, but have many scattered villages in Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel (H.Z.H. p.1060). The people of the Druze are as particular as their religion. The Druze have many names. They have the names Druze and Druse but they call themselves Mowahhidoon or what they call tawhid, which both mean monotheists.(Druse p.1) They believe in the divinity of al-Hakim be Amr Allah. The Muslim people do not consider the Druze Muslims but the Druze regard themselves as carriers of the core of the Muslim religion (Kjeilen p.1). The Druze people believe in one God and claim that the qualities of God can not be understood or defined by humans. (Miller) In the Druze religion, a calf is considered to be the central symbol that represents the negative forces in the world (Kjeilen p.1). Another symbol is the Druze star. It represents the 5 wise ministers each with his own quality. Green, al-akl, is for the the mind necessary for understanding the truth, red, ah-nahts, is for the soul, yellow, al-kalima, is for the word, blue, as-sahik, is for the mental power of the will, and white is for the realization of the blue. (Kjeilen p.2) The Druze flag has the same colors and the same meanings. They are lined up horizontally starting with blue, white, red, yellow, and then green. The moral system of the religion is based upon 7 principles: Love of Truth Take Care of One Another Renounce All Other Religions Avoid the Demon and All Wrongdoers Accept Divine Unity in Humanity Accept all of al-Hakims acts Act in Total accordance to al-Hakims will (Druze p.1) The Druze people are divided up into two groups, the uqqal and the juhhal. The uqqal are the sages who initiated the secret teachings of the hikmah, the Druze religious laws. The juhhal are the ignorant ones who do not know the hikmah. The uqqal are divided into several grades. Those who achieve the highest degree of perfection in meditation and long hours of meditation, study, seclusion, and ascetic practices are called ajawid, the generous. The uqqal can not reveal the teachings of the hikmah

Hiv / Aids And Discrimination Essay -- AIDS, HIV, Immunodeficiency, Tube

5/3/16 English Professor HIV/AIDS and Discrimination Today AIDS still affects both men and women, predominantly African American women. AIDS was originated in Africa. As of today people can live with AIDS as opposed to years before they had the proper medication to treat AIDS, but keep in mind their is still no cure as of yet. It has been a worldwide disease that federal officials and associations tried to make up laws and ways to prevent the transmission of AIDS. According to HIV/AIDS website, HIV is a virus that attacks cells in body’s immune system. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The transmission of HIV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse both anal and vaginal sex without using a condom. Also another way to transmit HIV is by sharing needles for drugs or any use of injections in the blood. Unlike some viruses HIV cannot be rid of, you have it for life. Untreated HIV can result to the disease of AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency disease). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are app roximately 36.9 million people worldwide who are living with AIDS at the end 2014. The disease AIDS has caused the federal government, along with the Olympic Organization, and Sport Organizations change the antidiscrimination laws. The changes have resulted in the creation of the American Disability Act, Rehabilitation Act applying to athletes, and providing education programs. The athletes Earwin â€Å"Magic† Johnson, Tommy Morrison, and Greg Louganis. These athletes are HIV positive and faced discrimination because of the disease. After Magic’s announcement that he was HIV, the discussion was if he would continue to play basketball. Fellow basketball players discussed ... ... middle of paper ... ...ad an AIDS specialist come to educate and provide training for the teams. In some of the professional leagues a rookie is required to attend an orientation, that discusses financial management, handling the media, and HIV/AIDS. Magic Johnson helps to end discrimination amongst athletes and spokesman of AIDS prevention. Therefore, players that are being educated of HIV/ AIDS will understand the precautions of transmission and the knowledge will be taken throughout their careers. In conclusion, there should be no discrimination against athletes who are HIV/AIDS infected. Athletes who are infected are capable to participate in competitions, but will always be risk of transmission, although it 's possible to keep the risk very small for the other athletes who are not infected. The laws that were created to protect every individual to avoid being turned away by anyone.

The HafenCity core location has sustainable qualities Essay

The HafenCity core location has sustainable qualities - Essay Example These principles are essential in defining the continuity and integrity of urban designed systems. This eventually would result to the planners having a clue on how to plan and predict urban ecological and socio-economic developments perspectives. Furthermore, it will enhance the harmonization, integrity and mutual consistency with the prediction and urban development documents. Therefore, urban developments that are sustainable should focus on objectives that are long-term. In addition to that, it should address the existing environmental and socio-economic problems existing in the cities and also focus on future preconditions (Vanags and Grizans, 2010, p.1100). Cities are considered to be territorial and socio-economic unit in which economic and business activities are carried out, job opportunities are created, emergence of new technologies occur. Despite the advantages of Hafencity Humbug city expansion, it poses threats to the sustainability of the environment as it will lead to increased population and industrial expansion. In such cases, the demand for urban resources will drastically increase and consequently the amount of waste stream. The urban planners may attempt to provide improvements to the local environment while inadequately addressing issues such as the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming which are characterized by urban behaviour external impacts. Thus, in such a context, urban sustainable development should be perceived as a wider goal of integral ingredient, working towards achieving a sustainable global development. These goals are veered towards the promotion of inter-generational equity, geographical equit y, social justice and environmental stewardship (Haughton 1997, p.193). In addition to that, the documents used to formulate city strategies are wide and might ignore important information needed to monitor the

Florence Golden Age 1400-1500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Florence Golden Age 1400-1500 - Essay Example hat which is concealed in the soaring of the mind and the spiritual adventure of the soul in the birth-giving process of the revelation of a renaissance masterpiece called the city of Florence. â€Å"Florence saw itself as the ideal city state, a place where the freedom of the individual was guaranteed, and where many citizens had the right to participate in the government. In 1400 Florence was engaged in a struggle with the Duke of Milan. The Florentine people feared the loss of liberty and respect for individuals that was the pride of their Republic.Luckily for Florence, the Duke of Milan caught the plague and died in 1402. Then, between 1408 and 1414 Florence was threatened once again, this time by the King of Naples, who also died before he could successfully conquer Florence. And in 1423 the Florentine people prepared for war against the son of the Duke of Milan who had threatened them earlier. Again, luckily for Florence, the Duke was defeated in 1425. The Florentine citizens interpreted these military "victories" as signs of Gods favor and protection. They imagined themselves as the "New Rome" -- in other words, as the heirs to the Ancient Roman Republic, prepared to sacrifice for the cause of freedom and liberty. The Florentine people were very proud of their form of government in the early 15th century. A republic is, after all, a place that respects the opinions of individuals, and we know that individualism was a very important part of the Humanism that thrived in Florence in the 15th century. â€Å" [2] What signifies Florence as a subject matter is that It has been the land of birth of the genuine renaissance of Italy as well as of the European world during the dark ages, which are depicted in the area age of 1400’s. Florence, in the times of the Medicis, Machiavelli, Galileo, Leonardo Da Vinci and as well as of the times of the crusades, have all established the process of the stardom of Italy during the time of decadence in Europe. Much is observed in

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Literature - Essay Example Rowling’s series of Harry Potter. Often Harry has to face insurmountable odds in order to protect the one’s he loves as well as stand up for what he believes is right. A warrior must also be righteous in that his ethical values are clear and true with their moral compass always pointing north. Lastly, resourcefulness and humbleness are key to the creation of a warrior. Not only is a warrior a hero, but he/she is also a leader and must show resourcefulness when solving complex problems as well as show humility when they conquer a task for the people. The role of a warrior in society depends on the societal norms placed on the individual. This also shapes how the person deals with the demands from this society. In Beowulf, Beowulf is tasked with the challenge of slaying Grendel, an evil creature who has been terrifying the people in the king’s hall and killing them. In this, Beowulf functions more as the archetypal warrior character in that his primary purpose as a hero is protecting the people through slaying the beast. Like in government, the power and respect that a warrior yields is not his/her, but rather is delegated to him/her by the people. Many warriors often have abilities that can be considered superhuman abilities, but they always have that one flaw that challenges them in the development of the character. In the Illiad, Achilles is a fearsome warrior who fight’s for Agamemnon in the Trojan War recanted by Homer. Achilles yields the respect of all those in the army for his skill of the sword and his prowess as a warrior. His enemies fear him knowing that he will bring death and destruction. Despite all of this, he was one weakness on his leg in which he is vulnerable to defeat. Unfortunately, he is unable to overcome this weakness and perishes which lead to the name of the area to be called the Achilles tendon in that if any one of us is injured there, it fundamentally changes the way we are able to get around. The idea of a warrior is based on what he/she does for society and how society interprets the actions of the hero/heroine. It is as easy to be praised for a positive act of protection as it is to be reprimanded for an action that society deems immoral or just as easily not meeting the expectations of society. Question 2: Cultural and societal beliefs help fundamentally define the people within. Many cultures have beliefs that there is divine intervention among those in society either for better or worse. They will create shrines to celebrate these deities and make sacrifices to curb the wrath of them. The first and probably most well written about would be the roman gods and demigods which dominated and shaped the roman way of life during ancient times. Many superstitions can be attributed to these gods. They believed in many different gods which usually had domain over an element or aspect in life i.e. Venus is to love as Neptune is to water. They believed that these gods influenced their live s every day in every aspect. In order to gain favor, they shaped their entire culture around this. They paid homage to their gods for good fortune and built great Parthenon’s in their honor. Contemporary, we look at Christianity and the belief in one god subdivided into three aspects: the father, the son, and the holy spirit. In today’s day, society is divided on the divine interference of god in daily life. Many people pray and read the bible in order to try and interpret his meaning in order to live a moral life that will

Detection of artefacts in sleep studies data Literature review

Detection of artefacts in sleep studies data - Literature review Example The studies have yielded different findings and this implies that scientists are yet to comprehend the phenomenon fully. However, empirical studies have established that sleep is important for enhancing normal and healthy performance of physical and mental aspects of the human body. In addition to these findings, sleeping process has been exclusively studied to establish the various stages involved and the brains level of activity during the process. This paper investigates the various stages of sleep and the role of sleep to human beings. Recent scientific studies have discredited the common misconception that regarded sleep as a dormant mental state. Scientists have established that the brain maintains a high level of activity during sleep. In addition, sleep influences the physical and mental functioning of our bodies in various ways that continue to attract numerous studies in order to enhance our understanding about the phenomenon (Baddely, 2000). Nerve-triggering chemicals call ed neurotransmitters determine whether we are awake or sleep by stimulating various groups of nerve cells and neurons in the brain. In the brainstem that links the brain with the spinal cord, neurons produce various neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin that ensures that some parts of the brain remain active while in a wakeful state. When we begin falling asleep, neurons at the base of the brain start signalling and they suppress the neurotransmitters that keep us awake (Espana and Scammel, 2011). According to Espana and Scammel (2011), the state of wakefulness is enhanced by neurons present in the midbrain, pons, and in the posterior hypothalamus that produce various types of neurotransmitters, including histamine, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, orexin and norepinephrine. The neurotransmitters that determine wakefulness and sleep diffuse actively in the brain, activating the targeted regions of in the cortex and forebrain. The reciprocal inhibition that occurs between sleep and wake controlling regions in the brain helps in the production of sleep and wakefulness with quick transitions between the states (Espana and Scammel, 2011, p 847). Scientists use three basic measures to classify sleep into different stages. The three measures include the gross brain activity, muscle tone and the eye movement (Carlson, 2001). Electroencephalograph (EEG) machine detects gross brain wave activity from which it produces summary of electrical action from the brain. The muscle tone is measured using an electromyogram (EMG) machine while eye movements during sleep are recorded using electro- oculogram (EOG). According to Harvey and Bruce (2006), electroencephalograph (EEG) is the most widely applied measure of distinguishing the different sleep stages while electromyogram (EMG) and electro-encephalograph are crucial in differentiating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep from the other types. Two different states alternate in cycles when a person is asleep and they portray the varying levels of neural activity in the brain. The states that constitute sleep are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) (Zhang, 2004). According to Zhang (2004), each of these states is associated with a unique and different form of brain wave activity. Non -rapid eye movement (NREM) is subdivided into four different stages that include stage 1, 2, 3 and 4. Therefore, typical sleep is made up of five stages, where NREM constitute 75% and the rest is REM (Carlson, 2001). The stages of REM sleep and NREM

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Mix - Essay Example a.. Discussion on which elements of the marketing mix are still being promoted 5 b. Considerations for new developments 5 4. Conclusion 6 Annexes 8 List of references 12 . An analysis of the Pre launching strategy of Cotswold Water Park Introduction. Costswold Water Park Four Pillars Hotel located near Swindon was launched in 2007and had used integrated marketing strategies in pre-launching. Purpose of this research is to analyze if marketing approaches used by the hotel sustained the success of pre-launch a. Review of the marketing mix The hotel used high level plans related to the marketing mix. Chai, Lee , (May 2009) & MacArthy( 06 Sept 2011) consider the right mix of product, pricing, place and, promotion to be assured of a pre-launching success. It is likened to baking a cake wherein there is a right proportion to come out with a desirable product. b. Discussion of the pre-launch activities. Marketing Team Direct, 2011 of the hotel first considered the creation of positioning an d message statements about the hotel. Next, they applied a segmented approach wherein they set a clear target of customers to know their needs and motivations, and travel behavior in order to get an actionable picture of targeted customers. Third, they created activities to support the launch such as marketing and sales tools. Then, they had the partnership strategy wherein they sold the product thru their distribution channel. Next,   they ensured that product infrastructure is fully developed. They also prepared for the international travelers by designing a website. Last is the preparation for the hotel operational activities and coming up with a price system.(Marketing Team Direct, 2011) c. Objectives of the marketers. Objectives set are to be assured of a ready market or advanced bookings of travelers to maintain operations during first months of opening d .What pre-launch activities are evident? Pre-launch activities were selective promotions to target customers by creating brand awareness, research on prospect’s data, and securing advanced bookings. Marketing tools used were advertising, vehicle graphics and press releases, PR and creation of a company website (Marketing Team Direct, 2011) e. Which elements of the Marketing Mix are being focused on and which are missing? Price, place, product and promotion are the marketing mix used, but the people factor is missing. MacArthy believes people or personnel should be incorporated as an approach for service oriented business like Cotswold.. Their strategy lacked the feedback support. The hotel is a service industry, and much depends on the services it offers. The campaign fails to identify the service culture that indicates â€Å"customer satisfaction is the top priority and the hotel activity should demonstrate these business objectives of the customer’. (ITIL Service Culture definition) Bruce Goff (2005), a licensed interior designer for hotel industry, uses the theory of Maslow for hospi tality design that meets hierarchy of needs. On this, he speculates that hotels should be designed to meet the basic needs of travelers then afterwards respond to higher standards of customers needs. He related the bedding wars of Hilton, Marriot, and Westin Hotel and upgrading of small amenities like soaps, towels, shampoo that give customers satisfaction. Advanced Services Marketing (2008) said that there are service standards that should be

Proposing a Solution on Gas Prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposing a Solution on Gas Prices - Essay Example We are currently in the middle of a similar crisis as the national price of gasoline is currently at $3.86 a gallon (Gasbuddy). Due to the problem Americans must find solutions to save money on gasoline. Issues The use of an automobile has become a social norm that many Americans are finding very hard to give up. An automobile gives a person a sense of freedom and it allows the user to be able to transport long distances in relative short periods of time. The normal driving speed in a highway is about 60 miles per hour. Due to the culture of driving is going to be hard to change the culture of America to give up driving. The cost of gasoline is on the rise. We have already reached very uncomfortable levels and the predictions are the prices are going to continue to rise. By the summer of 2012 the price of crude oil might reach $200 a barrel. The price of gasoline is going to continue to go up in the near future. Problem Statement The rise in the price of gasoline is an imminent threa t and the most likely scenario is that gasoline will continue to steadily increase every month through 2011. A problem statement that summarizes the problem is: Americans need to find long term solutions to reduce their dependency on gasoline. Alternative solutions An alternative solution to the problem could be finding a way to reduce the miles per gallon consumption of your current automobile. When cars are not well tuned their mpg rating can be reduced by 15% to 20%. Giving your car proper maintenance can help improve the efficiency of an automobile. A good tuned-up can do wonders to the mpg rating of a car. A second alternative solution is to lower the consumption of gasoline by changing your consumption patterns. Reducing the driving around and staying home more can help a family reduce their monthly gasoline expenses. Changing patters implies making life changes. A good way to lower the usage of gas is by car pooling to work with other colleagues. If five people get together a nd create a car pool system the five individuals could save about 75% in gasoline expenses related to their daily commute to work. A third alternative solution is to purchase a new energy efficient vehicle commonly referred to as a green car. There are two primary options which are to purchase a hybrid vehicle or to purchase a fully electric vehicle. A hybrid vehicle can give upwards of 40 miles per gallon. A unique model that is capable of greater mpg efficiency is the Chevy Volt. The Chevy volt has different driving modes one of them is capable of giving 230 miles per gallon. Nissan Corporation recently released an electric vehicle called the Nissan Leaf. The Nissan Leaf has a battery capable of driving a 100 miles range at speeds of up to 90 miles per gallon. Optimum solution The optimum solution selected to reduce the dependency Americans have on gasoline is to purchase a green vehicle. The alternative that truly enables a person to eliminate gasoline from their lives is to purc hase an electric vehicle such as the Nissan Leaf. The Nissan Leaf cost $32,780, but after tax savings the car has a net value of $25,280 (Nissanusa). The Leaf is an electric car which implies that if a person only used the Leaf to drive they would spend cero money on gas. Based on the average yearly driving of Americans of 15,000 miles per year at a price of $4 gallon a person could save upwards of $2,500 a year. The best way to implement this solution is to have a secondary car such as an old Nissan Sentra that gives a

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Mix - Essay Example a.. Discussion on which elements of the marketing mix are still being promoted 5 b. Considerations for new developments 5 4. Conclusion 6 Annexes 8 List of references 12 . An analysis of the Pre launching strategy of Cotswold Water Park Introduction. Costswold Water Park Four Pillars Hotel located near Swindon was launched in 2007and had used integrated marketing strategies in pre-launching. Purpose of this research is to analyze if marketing approaches used by the hotel sustained the success of pre-launch a. Review of the marketing mix The hotel used high level plans related to the marketing mix. Chai, Lee , (May 2009) & MacArthy( 06 Sept 2011) consider the right mix of product, pricing, place and, promotion to be assured of a pre-launching success. It is likened to baking a cake wherein there is a right proportion to come out with a desirable product. b. Discussion of the pre-launch activities. Marketing Team Direct, 2011 of the hotel first considered the creation of positioning an d message statements about the hotel. Next, they applied a segmented approach wherein they set a clear target of customers to know their needs and motivations, and travel behavior in order to get an actionable picture of targeted customers. Third, they created activities to support the launch such as marketing and sales tools. Then, they had the partnership strategy wherein they sold the product thru their distribution channel. Next,   they ensured that product infrastructure is fully developed. They also prepared for the international travelers by designing a website. Last is the preparation for the hotel operational activities and coming up with a price system.(Marketing Team Direct, 2011) c. Objectives of the marketers. Objectives set are to be assured of a ready market or advanced bookings of travelers to maintain operations during first months of opening d .What pre-launch activities are evident? Pre-launch activities were selective promotions to target customers by creating brand awareness, research on prospect’s data, and securing advanced bookings. Marketing tools used were advertising, vehicle graphics and press releases, PR and creation of a company website (Marketing Team Direct, 2011) e. Which elements of the Marketing Mix are being focused on and which are missing? Price, place, product and promotion are the marketing mix used, but the people factor is missing. MacArthy believes people or personnel should be incorporated as an approach for service oriented business like Cotswold.. Their strategy lacked the feedback support. The hotel is a service industry, and much depends on the services it offers. The campaign fails to identify the service culture that indicates â€Å"customer satisfaction is the top priority and the hotel activity should demonstrate these business objectives of the customer’. (ITIL Service Culture definition) Bruce Goff (2005), a licensed interior designer for hotel industry, uses the theory of Maslow for hospi tality design that meets hierarchy of needs. On this, he speculates that hotels should be designed to meet the basic needs of travelers then afterwards respond to higher standards of customers needs. He related the bedding wars of Hilton, Marriot, and Westin Hotel and upgrading of small amenities like soaps, towels, shampoo that give customers satisfaction. Advanced Services Marketing (2008) said that there are service standards that should be

Global Poverty Essay Example for Free

Global Poverty Essay The definition of poverty is a matter of debate. In 1795, English magistrates decided that a minimum income should be the cost of a gallon loaf of bread, multiplied by three, plus an allowance for each dependent. Today, the Census Bureau defines the threshold of global poverty as the minimum amount of money families need to purchase a nutritionally adequate diet, assuming they use one-third of their income for food. The term underclass has been applied by some social scientists to a population of people, concentrated in an inner city, who are persistently poor, unemployed, and dependent on welfare, with an emphasis on persistently. Initially, sociologist William Julius Wilson championed the concept to describe the plight of the truly disadvantaged. But he and a number of other sociologists have since expressed concern that the term underclass is being misused by some journalists and political conservatives to argue that the poor have created their own plight and are to blame for their poverty (Hinkle, 1994). Wilson contends that the underclass exists mainly because of a sharp climb in inner-city joblessness by virtue of the elimination of hundreds of thousands of lower-skill jobs, the growing polarization of the labor market into low-wage and high-wage sectors, the relocation of manufacturing industries out of the central city, and periodic recessions. The problem has been compounded by the concentration of the disadvantaged in inner-city ghettos and the isolation of these areas from more affluent communities (Hinkle, 1994). Before World War I, most African Americans lived in the rural South. But industrial jobs during World Wars I and II drew hundreds of thousands of blacks to cities in the North (Davis, 2004). Almost all of these people were poor, unskilled workers. Structural factors, i. e. the disappearance over the past quarter-century of hundreds of thousands of low-skill jobs, mainly involving physical labor, have meant that inner-city blacks have become a severely disadvantaged class (Hinkle, 1994). They settled in slum areas near the factories where they worked in the inner city. As slums grew, ghetto conditions worsened. These patterns are most evident in large American cities where smokestack industries once attracted young men with few or no skills to jobs that nonetheless paid well enough to support wives and children. Prejudice and discrimination have made it difficult for African Americans and other minorities to improve these conditions. Legislation has been used to try to eliminate ghetto conditions in the United States. But segregation remains a serious problem. Now poor urban blacks find themselves relegated to all-black neighborhoods where they are socially isolated from mainstream life (Davis, 2004). According to the conflict theory, though, the underclass indeed constitutes a minority of the poor. The underclass is a cote of inner-city poor, those individuals and families who are trapped in an unending cycle of joblessness and dependence on welfare or criminal earnings. Their communities are plagued by drug abuse, lawlessness, crime, violence, and poor schools. Many underclass women were teenage mothers and high school dropouts who subsequently found themselves sidetracked without the resources or skills to escape a life of poverty (Hinkle, 1994). Some sociologists portray global poverty as a structural feature of capitalist societies. The cyclical movements between economic expansion and contraction, boom and bust, contribute to sharp fluctuations in employment (Iceland, 2003). A century ago, Karl Marx contended that an industrial reserve army is essential for capitalist economies. The industrial reserve army consists of individuals at the bottom of the class structure who are laid off in the interests of corporate profits during times of economic stagnation, then rehired when needed for producing profits during times of economic prosperity. It is disproportionately composed of minorities, who traditionally have been the last hired and the first hired. Contemporary structural functionalists say that a new industrial order characterized by a significant shift from manufacturing to service-sector employment has produced massive vulnerability among all blue-collar workers (Hinkle, 1994). Poverty derives from a lack of income-producing employment. And high inner-city rates of family disintegration, welfare dependency, drug abuse, and crime are additional outcomes of faulty economic organization. Clustered in large ghettos and squatters Mexico, Africa, and some parts of Asia, the poor develop feelings of marginality, helplessness, dependence, and inferiority. These circumstances allegedly breed weak ego structures, lack of impulse control, a present-time orientation characterized by little ability to deter gratification, and a sense of resignation and fatalism. The resulting lifeways are both an adaptation and a reaction of the poor to their disadvantaged positions (Iceland, 2003). They become self-perpetuating patterns as the ethos associated with the culture of poverty is transmitted to successive generations. United Nations bureaus revealed that nearly half of the state’s children have mothers who have failed to fulfill elementary school. Statistics illustrate there exists a positive relationship between parents’ educational attainment and their offspring’s odds in their latter life. Children of parents who have no adequate formal education are prone to endure scarcity as they age. Poverty-stricken people around the world suffer from the lack of many things they need. For example, they are less likely to receive adequate medical care or to eat the foods they need to stay healthy. The poor have more diseases, become more seriously ill, and die at a younger age than other people do. Poor people often live in substandard housing in socially isolated areas where most of their neighbors are poor. Many low-income families live in crowded, run-down buildings with inadequate heat and plumbing. The jobs most readily available to the poor provide low wages and little opportunity for advancement. Many of these jobs also involve dangerous or unhealthful working conditions. Financial, medical, and emotional problems often strain family ties among the poverty-stricken (Iceland, 2003). In Laos, saddled with debt, lacking infrastructure, and short of trained personnel, the government simply cannot afford to provide basic schooling for all of their children. However, this is not a problem of lack of resources, but rather a problem of resource allocation. In Ghana, misdistribution and capitalistic exploitation make the medicines inaccessible to the poor clients in the district. If in the past, the causes of illnesses may have been shared between man and nature, from this time forth, diseases are brought about by the caustic arms of industrialization, which might have not destroyed or alternatively benefited the sub-Saharan Africa. In Thailand, young people, some hardly elapsed pre-school age, vending on streets virtually every single day is a heartbreaking scene to the passersby. While at first glance it may seem to be effortless, risk-free toil that equips a deprived family a most wanted boost, it essentially stems from a chain of causes, and begets a mesh of costs for the child, his family and the society in which they are trying to survive. Eventually, many unschooled children would eventually realize finding themselves sidetracked without the resources or skills to escape a life of poverty. Within the United States, President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society produced a flurry of social programs rivaling those of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Some are gone, while others were severely cut or revamped by the Reagan and Bush administrations. The government provides two main types of aid: social insurance and public assistance. Social insurance mainly covers people-or their families-who have worked and paid special taxes in the past, whether or not they are poor. Public assistance provides aid to the needy regardless of their work record (Iceland, 2003). Education is a key element in reversing poverty. For some people in Asia and Africa, education is a means to improve oneself. Education is greatly related to social status because a high degree of education involves money and motivation. Some people insist that the forces that are making the world into a single economy have separated people from longstanding identities and have, at the same time, weakened nation-state. Particularly, McDonaldization of global society has allowed to target highly specific groups wherever they are and so the ethnic bond tails them too (Ritzer, 1996). People in developing countries are starving, purely so that our developed society can be provided with excess food. Chemicals, necessary for the uniformity of its products, are destroying the environment and putting lives at risk due to increased nitrate levels. This way, McDonaldization of society wouldn’t make the world a better place, as it will simply turn into a bigger breeding ground for exploitation, pollution, and economic imbalance around the world furthering global poverty.

Teenage Pregnancy: Health and Social Issue Analysis

Teenage Pregnancy: Health and Social Issue Analysis Today teenage pregnancy is evolving as a serious problem all over the world. It defines as getting pregnant below eighteen years. Researches reveal that almost fifteen million teen pregnancies occur every year. These teen pregnancies are mostly common in developing countries where teenagers lack parental monitoring and they are unaware of modern birth control methods. Many teenagers plan to get pregnant, but mostly do not. Unplanned pregnancies occur at all levels of age, creed, and race with a particular negative impact among teenage population. Teen pregnancy is an important social problem and as well as a major health issue, that need to reduce because of the negative consequences that it bears on teenagers. They are at risk of conception and many sexually transmitted infections. On fearing the medical procedures and parental responses, they hide the fact of pregnancy and therefore are at more risk of its severe consequences. They did not receive parental care on time. Moreover, studies shows that teenagers are psychologically immature and unstable and the additional stress of pregnancy on them brings up negative results. In 2000, â€Å"The Health of Nation† failed to reduce the rate of teen pregnancies. Another policy set the target to halve the rate by 2010. In order to achieve the target, many other policies were set based on researches especially on focusing the importance of parental monitoring and use of contraception. Recent literature on teen pregnancy prevention mostly focuses on parental monitoring. Role of parents in this issue is crucial. They are responsible for educating their children and providing them enough knowledge about the negative consequences of teen pregnancies. The rate of teen pregnancies is high especially among those who suffer from poor education in their childhood. Another interest that lies on the parent’s role in reducing the unplanned teen pregnancies is by talking openly with the teens about this issue through several controversies exist on whether it increases the sexual activity or vice versa (DiClemente, 2001). The studies mainly focus on parental monitoring in order to prevent teen pregnancies because the effectiveness of the parental influence in attitude, knowledge, and behavior among their children lower the teen’s risk of adolescent pregnancy. Research shows that higher parental monitoring decreases the sexual activity and avoids unplanned pregnancies in teens. Parental monitoring has a positive effect on healthy adolescent development. Influence of parental role and relation between parenthood and teen pregnancy is clear in this issue. In order to have an effect or successful outcome of parental monitoring, not only teenagers but parents also need education to monitor effectively without being overprotective. They need education to talk efficiently to their children about birth control methods, safe sex, and sexually transmitted diseases. The parents need to focus on their views and concepts about sex education and find out if they are comfortable and know how to talk to their children. Identification of adolescent females who are usually at high risk of getting unplanned pregnancies is the key to prevention. Parents require education no matter the setting of teen is at the primary care office, clinic, school, or emergency rooms. Further research needs to be done for improving parental skills and their outcomes. Nationally, the teen pregnancies are increasing at a staggering rate. However, some appropriate programs help in preventing these pregnancies among the teenagers. There are federal laws for promoting abstinence only education and providing funding for these programs based on abstinence. Such programs not only help to prevent the teen pregnancies but they positively correlate with decrease in the amount of unplanned pregnancies and births among teenagers. The recent literature study of Stanger-Hall and Hall in 2011 reveals that the most effective approach is the ‘level 1 style’ that provides comprehensive safe sex education and STD education. It covers the use of birth control methods and abstinence. The Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are confident in educating parents about the positive impacts of these programs in preventing teen pregnancies (Stanger-Hall, 2011). Several intervention based programs need to help prevent the unplanned pregnancies in the adolescent. Some of the interventions require coming from the parents at home or office of primary care provider. It is the job of NPs to identify those adolescents, who show high-risk behavior in these pregnancies. The NPs need to ensure the confidentiality of their patients and develop the trusting relationship with them. They need to give education to the parents efficiently and refer them to the websites or groups regarding teen pregnancy prevention. Contraception or the use of contraceptive methods is another way of preventing teen pregnancies. Research shows that most of the unplanned pregnancies among the teenagers are due the fact that they are either unaware of using contraceptive methods or they do not use contraception consistently. Free contraceptives available and provided for high and middle school students within schools around the world help in preventing the great amount of teen pregnancies. However, these schools preferred to give contraceptives to only those children who have their parents’ permission (Shoupe, 2007). A comprehensive education on safe sex has successful effects on the use of contraception. The Family Growth National Survey reveals that teenagers who receive safe sex education that includes contraception and prevention from sexually transmitted diseases, are less likely to have unplanned pregnancies. Contraception such as birth controls and condoms offered at affordable or discounted prices may help to reduce teen pregnancies. The effective and appropriate use of contraception will contract sexually transmitted diseases. It will not encourage the teenagers to have sex but will lower the risk of unplanned teen pregnancies. School-based health centers or SBHCs is a great community resource for adolescents to provide friendly primary care services to this population. More SBHCs need across the nation to open in order to release their restrictions of providing contraceptive services. Intervention based programs are changing the sexual education standards which means to change some of the laws at the federal, state, and local level. The new standards of National Sexuality Education released in 2001 focus on changing the federal, state, and local laws. Social programs started with the purpose of preventing teen pregnancies began to disappear slowly. US administration provides some limited financial investment only for evidence based programs. Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs and other programs like Planned Parenthood help to prevent the teen pregnancies by providing low cost or free birth control and contraception to teenagers (Bennett, 2005). In this way, service providers implement these programs effectively and successfully. They are developing new strategies and polices that will prevent unplanned teen pregnancies. In conclusion, teen pregnancy is preventable that is a major social and health issue burdening many communities around the world. Early comprehensive and effective safe sex education including parental monitoring and contraceptive prevention is the important key that needs to start by the parents at home and reinforced continually at school and primary care office.

The Important Discovery of Kenyanthropus Platyops - The Flat Faced Man

The Important Discovery of Kenyanthropus Platyops - The Flat Faced Man of Kenya A recent finding on the western shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, a semi-desert area, could hold bold new implication for the origin of man. The finding was the skull of a very early hominid which displays facial features of both modern man and early, more primitive ancestors. The findings have been dated to approximately 3.5 million years, a time period once thought to be dominated by human ancestors that did not posses any noticeable and unique characteristics held by modern man. The find was discovered by Meave Leakey of the National Museums of Kenya and her colleagues, Fred Spoor, Frank H. Brown, Patrik N. Gathogo, Christopher Kiarie, Louise N. Leakey and Ian McDougall. The find originated from an area in Northern Kenya which has been a hot bed for early hominid fossils, and has earned the nickname the â€Å"Leakey Stable†. The specific area in Northern Kenya is located in the Lomekwi and Topernawi river drainages in the Turkana district. The type locality is LO-6N at 03’ 54.03’ north latitude, 035’ 44.40’ east longitude. The bed where the skull was found contains sedimentary and volcanic rocks in addition to the skulls placement between the Lokochot Tuff, and Tulu Bor Tuff, layers of earth that have an approximate age, allowed the scientist to conclude that the skull was approximately 3.5 million years old. Although the skull was dated 3.5 million years old it held distinctly human facial features, earning it its name Kenyanthropus platyops – The Flat-Faced Man of Kenya. It has a flat face, protruding somewhat like an ape with small teeth. The skulls cranium falls within the range of A. afarensis and A. africa... ...g this modern people can see their past and present in the natural world and come to a better understanding of what it truly means to be human. Bibliography 1. Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). 2. http://www.nature.com/nsu/010322/010322-8.html Notes: [1] Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). Pg. 436 [2] Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). Pg. 433

Discipline and Students with Disabilities Essay -- Special Education

Public Law 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, now called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires states to provide free, appropriate public education (FAPE) for every child regardless of disability. This federal law was the first to clearly define the rights of disabled children to receive special education services if their disability affects their educational performance. A parent of a special education student also has basic rights under IDEA including the right to have their child evaluated by the school district and to be included when the school district meets about the child or makes decisions about his or her education. If a child is identified as in need of special education services, the school district must devise a written individual education program (IEP) for the child, which includes related services. An IEP is a statement of a student’s special education and related services including speech services, psycholog ical services, physical and occupational therapy, counseling and assistive technology and transportation. In addition, this legally binding, individualized plan outlines reasonable educational goals for the student and is reviewed and updated yearly. The Individualized Education Program is developed by a team that includes the parents of the student, a general education teacher, a special education teacher, a school representative (principal), a person knowledgeable about evaluation (school psychologist), and others at request of IEP participants. The primary job of the IEP team is to plan a program of special education and related services that is reasonably calculated to provide a meaningful education benefit. The IEP Process includes a review of assessme... ...behavior was not a manifestation of the student's disability and the student is suspended beyond 10 days, educational services, including access to the general curriculum, must continue. Special education services may not to be interrupted during the manifestation process or long-term suspension. Works Cited Fischer, L., Schimmel, D., & Stellman, L. (2007). Teachers and the law (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. National Alliance Of Mental Illness (2008, Fall). Understanding Your Legal Rights Under Special Education Laws. NAMI Beginnings, (12), 3-8. National Dissemination Center For Children With Disabilities (2010). Applying Discipline Rules to Students with Disabilities. Retrieved from http://nichcy.org/SchoolsAndAdministrators/Pages/discipline.aspx Wright, P. W.D., & Wright, P. D. (2010). Wrightslaw. Retrieved from http://wrightslaw.com